Difference between revisions of "Understand E=mc2"
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| − | + | In one of Albert Einstein’s revolutionary scientific papers published in 1905, E=mc<sup>2</sup> was introduced; where E is energy, m is mass, and c is the speed of light in a vacuum.<ref name="rf16435">http://www.emc2-explained.info/</ref> Since then, E=mc<sup>2</sup> has become one of the most famous equations in the world. Even people with no background in physics have at least heard of the equation and are aware of its prodigious influence on the world we live in. However, most people do not exactly know what the equation means. In simple terms, the equation represents the correlation of energy to matter: essentially, energy and matter are but two different forms of the same thing.<ref name="rf16436">http://www.universetoday.com/114617/a-fun-way-of-understanding-emc2/</ref> This relatively simple equation has altered the way we think about energy and provided us with numerous technological advances. | |
| − | [[Category:Physics]] | + | [[Category: Physics]] |
== Steps == | == Steps == | ||
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#Define the variables of the equation. The first step to understanding any equation is to know what each variable stands for. In this case, E is the energy of an object at rest, m is the object's mass, and c is the speed of light in vacuum. | #Define the variables of the equation. The first step to understanding any equation is to know what each variable stands for. In this case, E is the energy of an object at rest, m is the object's mass, and c is the speed of light in vacuum. | ||
#* The speed of light, c is constant in all reference frames and is roughly equal to 3.00x10<sup>8</sup> meters per second. In the context of Einstein's relativity, the c<sup>2</sup> functions more as a unit conversion factor than a constant. As such, it is squared as a result of dimensional analysis - energy is measured in joules, or kg m<sup>2</sup> s<sup>-2</sup>, so adding the c<sup>2</sup> ensures that the relationship between energy and mass is dimensionally consistent. | #* The speed of light, c is constant in all reference frames and is roughly equal to 3.00x10<sup>8</sup> meters per second. In the context of Einstein's relativity, the c<sup>2</sup> functions more as a unit conversion factor than a constant. As such, it is squared as a result of dimensional analysis - energy is measured in joules, or kg m<sup>2</sup> s<sup>-2</sup>, so adding the c<sup>2</sup> ensures that the relationship between energy and mass is dimensionally consistent. | ||
| − | #Understand what is meant by energy. There are many forms of energy including thermal, electrical, chemical, nuclear and more.<ref>http://www.emc2-explained.info/Emc2/Basics.htm#.Vhv1WvlViko</ref> Energy is transferred between systems giving power to one system while taking it away from another. | + | #Understand what is meant by energy. There are many forms of energy including thermal, electrical, chemical, nuclear and more.<ref name="rf16437">http://www.emc2-explained.info/Emc2/Basics.htm#.Vhv1WvlViko</ref> Energy is transferred between systems giving power to one system while taking it away from another. |
#* Energy can be neither created nor destroyed, it can only take a different form. For example, coal has a lot of potential energy that turns into thermal energy when it is burned. | #* Energy can be neither created nor destroyed, it can only take a different form. For example, coal has a lot of potential energy that turns into thermal energy when it is burned. | ||
| − | #Define what mass means. Mass is generally defined as the amount of matter in an object.<ref>http://www.emc2-explained.info/Emc2/Basics.htm#.VhxJCPlVikp</ref> | + | #Define what mass means. Mass is generally defined as the amount of matter in an object.<ref name="rf16438">http://www.emc2-explained.info/Emc2/Basics.htm#.VhxJCPlVikp</ref> |
#*There are also a few other definitions of mass. There exists "invariant mass," and "relativistic mass." Invariant mass is mass that remains unchanged no matter what frame of reference you are in. Relativistic mass, on the other hand, depends on the object's velocity. In the equation E = mc<sup>2</sup>, m refers to the invariant mass. This is very important, because this means that your mass does '''not''' grow as you go faster, contrary to popular belief. | #*There are also a few other definitions of mass. There exists "invariant mass," and "relativistic mass." Invariant mass is mass that remains unchanged no matter what frame of reference you are in. Relativistic mass, on the other hand, depends on the object's velocity. In the equation E = mc<sup>2</sup>, m refers to the invariant mass. This is very important, because this means that your mass does '''not''' grow as you go faster, contrary to popular belief. | ||
#*It’s important to understand that mass and weight are different. Weight is the gravitational force felt by an object, while mass is the amount of matter in that object. Mass can only change if the object is physically altered, while weight changes depending on the gravity of the environment the object is in. Mass is measured in kilograms (kg) while weight is measured in newtons (N). | #*It’s important to understand that mass and weight are different. Weight is the gravitational force felt by an object, while mass is the amount of matter in that object. Mass can only change if the object is physically altered, while weight changes depending on the gravity of the environment the object is in. Mass is measured in kilograms (kg) while weight is measured in newtons (N). | ||
#* Like energy, mass can neither be created nor destroyed, but it can also change form. For example, an ice cube can melt into a liquid, but it still has the same mass in both states. | #* Like energy, mass can neither be created nor destroyed, but it can also change form. For example, an ice cube can melt into a liquid, but it still has the same mass in both states. | ||
| − | #Realize that mass and energy are equivalent.<ref>http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/nova/einstein/expe-text.html</ref> The equation states that mass and energy are the same thing and tells you how much energy is contained inside a certain amount of mass. Essentially, the equation explains that a small amount of mass is full of a large amount of energy.<ref>http://www.energytribune.com/2771/understanding-e-mc2#sthash.rGMmdND1.GHIxS837.dpbs</ref> | + | #Realize that mass and energy are equivalent.<ref name="rf16439">http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/nova/einstein/expe-text.html</ref> The equation states that mass and energy are the same thing and tells you how much energy is contained inside a certain amount of mass. Essentially, the equation explains that a small amount of mass is full of a large amount of energy.<ref name="rf16440">http://www.energytribune.com/2771/understanding-e-mc2#sthash.rGMmdND1.GHIxS837.dpbs</ref> |
=== Applying the Equation in the Real World === | === Applying the Equation in the Real World === | ||
#Understand where usable energy comes from. Most of our consumable energy comes from the burning of coal and natural gas. Burning these substances takes advantage of their valence electrons (unpaired electrons in the outermost shell of an atom) and the bonds they make with other elements. When heat is added, these bonds break and the energy released is used to power our communities. | #Understand where usable energy comes from. Most of our consumable energy comes from the burning of coal and natural gas. Burning these substances takes advantage of their valence electrons (unpaired electrons in the outermost shell of an atom) and the bonds they make with other elements. When heat is added, these bonds break and the energy released is used to power our communities. | ||
#* Obtaining energy this way is not very efficient and is costly to the environment. | #* Obtaining energy this way is not very efficient and is costly to the environment. | ||
| − | #Apply Einstein’s equation to make energy conversion more efficient. E=mc<sup>2</sup> tells us that there is much more energy stored inside the nucleus of an atom than in its [[Study the Chemical Theory of Valence Bonds|valence electrons]].<ref | + | #Apply Einstein’s equation to make energy conversion more efficient. E=mc<sup>2</sup> tells us that there is much more energy stored inside the nucleus of an atom than in its [[Study the Chemical Theory of Valence Bonds|valence electrons]].<ref name="rf16440" /> The energy released from splitting an atom is much higher than that of breaking electron bonds. |
#* Nuclear power is based on this principle. Nuclear reactors cause fission (the splitting of atoms) to occur and capture the massive amount of energy released. | #* Nuclear power is based on this principle. Nuclear reactors cause fission (the splitting of atoms) to occur and capture the massive amount of energy released. | ||
| − | #Discover the technologies made possible by E=mc<sup>2</sup>. E=mc<sup>2</sup> has enabled the creation of many new and exciting technologies, some of which, we can’t imagine living without:<ref>http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/nova/physics/legacy-of-e-equals-mc2.html</ref> | + | #Discover the technologies made possible by E=mc<sup>2</sup>. E=mc<sup>2</sup> has enabled the creation of many new and exciting technologies, some of which, we can’t imagine living without:<ref name="rf16441">http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/nova/physics/legacy-of-e-equals-mc2.html</ref> |
#* PET scans use radioactivity to see inside the body. | #* PET scans use radioactivity to see inside the body. | ||
#* The equation allowed for the development of telecommunications with satellites and rovers. | #* The equation allowed for the development of telecommunications with satellites and rovers. | ||
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#* Nuclear energy provides cleaner and more efficient energy sources to our society. | #* Nuclear energy provides cleaner and more efficient energy sources to our society. | ||
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== Related Articles == | == Related Articles == | ||
