Difference between revisions of "Treat a Bacterial Infection"
(importing article from wikihow) |
m (Text replacement - "[[Category: C" to "[[Category:C") |
||
| (4 intermediate revisions by the same user not shown) | |||
| Line 3: | Line 3: | ||
== Steps == | == Steps == | ||
===Getting Medical Treatment=== | ===Getting Medical Treatment=== | ||
| − | #Note your symptoms. The following are symptoms of potential bacterial infections that may require treatment by a physician.<ref>http://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/infectious-diseases/basics/symptoms/con-20033534</ref> | + | #Note your symptoms. The following are symptoms of potential bacterial infections that may require treatment by a physician.<ref name="rf1">http://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/infectious-diseases/basics/symptoms/con-20033534</ref> |
#*Fever, especially with a severe head or neck ache or chest pain | #*Fever, especially with a severe head or neck ache or chest pain | ||
#*Trouble breathing or pain in the chest | #*Trouble breathing or pain in the chest | ||
| Line 16: | Line 16: | ||
#**Amoxicillin, Augmentin, Tetracycline and Ciprofloxacin are examples of broad-spectrum antibiotics. | #**Amoxicillin, Augmentin, Tetracycline and Ciprofloxacin are examples of broad-spectrum antibiotics. | ||
#*''Medium-spectrum antibiotics'' target a group of bacteria. Penicillin and bacitracin are popular medium-spectrum antibiotics. | #*''Medium-spectrum antibiotics'' target a group of bacteria. Penicillin and bacitracin are popular medium-spectrum antibiotics. | ||
| − | #*''Narrow-spectrum antibiotics'' are made to treat one specific kind of bacteria. Polymyxins fall into this small category of antibiotics. Treatment is much easier and more effective when your doctor knows what kind of bacterial infection you have.<ref>http://www.srspharma.com/narrow-spectrum-antibiotics.htm</ref> | + | #*''Narrow-spectrum antibiotics'' are made to treat one specific kind of bacteria. Polymyxins fall into this small category of antibiotics. Treatment is much easier and more effective when your doctor knows what kind of bacterial infection you have.<ref name="rf2">http://www.srspharma.com/narrow-spectrum-antibiotics.htm</ref> |
#Follow your doctor’s instructions for how to treat your infection. Your doctor will select the type of antibiotic that works best against the specific bacteria that has caused your infection. Keep in mind that there are many different kinds of antibiotics and only a doctor can prescribe an antibiotic to you. | #Follow your doctor’s instructions for how to treat your infection. Your doctor will select the type of antibiotic that works best against the specific bacteria that has caused your infection. Keep in mind that there are many different kinds of antibiotics and only a doctor can prescribe an antibiotic to you. | ||
#*Make sure that you know exactly how much of the antibiotic you are supposed to take, and when you are supposed to take it. Some antibiotics need to be taken with food, some need to be taken at night, etc. Ask your doctor or pharmacist if you don’t understand the dosage instructions. | #*Make sure that you know exactly how much of the antibiotic you are supposed to take, and when you are supposed to take it. Some antibiotics need to be taken with food, some need to be taken at night, etc. Ask your doctor or pharmacist if you don’t understand the dosage instructions. | ||
#Take the full course of antibiotics that your doctor prescribes. If you do not take the full course, your infection may get worse. You may also become antibiotic resistant, which can make it hard to treat other infections. | #Take the full course of antibiotics that your doctor prescribes. If you do not take the full course, your infection may get worse. You may also become antibiotic resistant, which can make it hard to treat other infections. | ||
| − | #*Even if you feel better, you need to take all of the antibiotics to kill the disease causing bacteria that is left in your body. If you stop treatment too soon, you may never fully get rid of the infection.<ref>http://www.mayoclinic.org/healthy-living/consumer-health/in-depth/antibiotics/art-20045720?pg=2</ref> | + | #*Even if you feel better, you need to take all of the antibiotics to kill the disease causing bacteria that is left in your body. If you stop treatment too soon, you may never fully get rid of the infection.<ref name="rf3">http://www.mayoclinic.org/healthy-living/consumer-health/in-depth/antibiotics/art-20045720?pg=2</ref> |
===Cleaning a Wound to Prevent Bacterial Infection=== | ===Cleaning a Wound to Prevent Bacterial Infection=== | ||
| − | #Prevent a skin infection by properly cleaning and bandaging a wound right away. Proper first aid treatment is essential to helping prevent a bacterial infection, but you should not attempt to treat a severe flesh wound by yourself. If the wound is deep, wide, or bleeding a lot, you should seek medical help immediately.<ref>http://www.mayoclinic.org/first-aid/first-aid-cuts/basics/art-20056711</ref> | + | #Prevent a skin infection by properly cleaning and bandaging a wound right away. Proper first aid treatment is essential to helping prevent a bacterial infection, but you should not attempt to treat a severe flesh wound by yourself. If the wound is deep, wide, or bleeding a lot, you should seek medical help immediately.<ref name="rf4">http://www.mayoclinic.org/first-aid/first-aid-cuts/basics/art-20056711</ref> |
| − | #Wash your hands before treating a wound. If you treat a wound with dirty hands, you will increase the chances of a bacterial infection. Wash your hands with warm water and antibacterial soap for 20 seconds and dry them well. Wear clean vinyl or latex gloves if they are available.<ref | + | #Wash your hands before treating a wound. If you treat a wound with dirty hands, you will increase the chances of a bacterial infection. Wash your hands with warm water and antibacterial soap for 20 seconds and dry them well. Wear clean vinyl or latex gloves if they are available.<ref name="rf4" /> |
#*Avoid latex gloves if you have a latex allergy. | #*Avoid latex gloves if you have a latex allergy. | ||
| − | #Keep pressure on the wound until it stops bleeding. If the bleeding is severe, seek medical attention immediately. Do not attempt to treat a severe wound by yourself. Go to an emergency room or call 911.<ref | + | #Keep pressure on the wound until it stops bleeding. If the bleeding is severe, seek medical attention immediately. Do not attempt to treat a severe wound by yourself. Go to an emergency room or call 911.<ref name="rf4" /> |
| − | #Clean the wound with warm running water. Hold the wound under a gentle stream of running water to clean it. Do not use soap on the wound unless it appears visibly dirty. If it does seem dirty, clean around the wound gently with a mild soap. Also, do not use hydrogen peroxide to clean a wound. Hydrogen peroxide can interfere with healing.<ref | + | #Clean the wound with warm running water. Hold the wound under a gentle stream of running water to clean it. Do not use soap on the wound unless it appears visibly dirty. If it does seem dirty, clean around the wound gently with a mild soap. Also, do not use hydrogen peroxide to clean a wound. Hydrogen peroxide can interfere with healing.<ref name="rf4" /> |
#*If you notice any debris in the wound, you can try to remove it with tweezers that have been sterilized with alcohol. If you do not feel comfortable doing that, you can go to a doctor for treatment. | #*If you notice any debris in the wound, you can try to remove it with tweezers that have been sterilized with alcohol. If you do not feel comfortable doing that, you can go to a doctor for treatment. | ||
#Apply ointment. An antibiotic ointment, such as Neosporin, can help a wound heal faster and can help keep infection at bay. Gently apply the ointment to the wounded area after cleaning. | #Apply ointment. An antibiotic ointment, such as Neosporin, can help a wound heal faster and can help keep infection at bay. Gently apply the ointment to the wounded area after cleaning. | ||
| − | #Bandage the wound. If the wound is a small scrape, leave it open to the air. If the wound is deeper, cover it with a sterile gauze.<ref | + | #Bandage the wound. If the wound is a small scrape, leave it open to the air. If the wound is deeper, cover it with a sterile gauze.<ref name="rf4" /> A nonstick bandage held in place with medical tape is the best option for larger wounds, though large band-aids may also work. Be sure that you do not put the adhesive area of a bandage over a wound, as it may re-open the wound when you remove it. |
#*Change the gauze once a day if it is dirty. A good time to change the gauze is when you take a shower. | #*Change the gauze once a day if it is dirty. A good time to change the gauze is when you take a shower. | ||
| − | #Watch for signs of infection. If the wound is red, swollen, draining pus, streaking red away from the wound, or just looking worse, call your doctor.<ref | + | #Watch for signs of infection. If the wound is red, swollen, draining pus, streaking red away from the wound, or just looking worse, call your doctor.<ref name="rf4" /> |
===Preventing Bacterial Infection from Food=== | ===Preventing Bacterial Infection from Food=== | ||
| − | #Keep your hands clean. Before you handle food, you should always wash your hands with antibacterial soap and water for 20 seconds. Dry your hands well with a clean, dry towel. If you handle raw meat, wash your hands after handling the meat to avoid cross contamination of other foods or surfaces.<ref>http://www.cdc.gov/handwashing/</ref> | + | #Keep your hands clean. Before you handle food, you should always wash your hands with antibacterial soap and water for 20 seconds. Dry your hands well with a clean, dry towel. If you handle raw meat, wash your hands after handling the meat to avoid cross contamination of other foods or surfaces.<ref name="rf5">http://www.cdc.gov/handwashing/</ref> |
| − | #Wash your food well. Wash raw fruits and vegetables before you eat them. Even organic foods need to be washed.Use an antibacterial cleaner on surfaces that come into contact with raw food to kill potentially hazardous bacteria.<ref>http://berryripe.com/washing-fruits-and-vegetables/</ref> | + | #Wash your food well. Wash raw fruits and vegetables before you eat them. Even organic foods need to be washed.Use an antibacterial cleaner on surfaces that come into contact with raw food to kill potentially hazardous bacteria.<ref name="rf6">http://berryripe.com/washing-fruits-and-vegetables/</ref> |
| − | #*Use a different cutting board for each type of food. Use different cutting boards for fruits and veggies and raw meats to avoid cross-contamination.<ref>http://www.homefoodsafety.org/separate</ref> | + | #*Use a different cutting board for each type of food. Use different cutting boards for fruits and veggies and raw meats to avoid cross-contamination.<ref name="rf7">http://www.homefoodsafety.org/separate</ref> |
| − | #Cook your food well. Follow the directions when you prepare raw foods to make sure that you cook them properly. Use a meat thermometer to make sure that you cook meat to the right temperature.<ref>http://www.foodsafety.gov/keep/charts/mintemp.html</ref> | + | #Cook your food well. Follow the directions when you prepare raw foods to make sure that you cook them properly. Use a meat thermometer to make sure that you cook meat to the right temperature.<ref name="rf8">http://www.foodsafety.gov/keep/charts/mintemp.html</ref> |
===Preventing the Spread of Bacterial Infections=== | ===Preventing the Spread of Bacterial Infections=== | ||
| − | #Wash your hands. <ref>http://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/infectious-diseases/basics/prevention/con-20033534</ref> Thorough and frequent hand washing (particularly after touching your face, mouth, or nose if you’re sick, after touching another person who is sick, or after changing a baby’s diaper) can cut down dramatically on the number of germs that you are exposing yourself to. | + | #Wash your hands. <ref name="rf9">http://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/infectious-diseases/basics/prevention/con-20033534</ref> Thorough and frequent hand washing (particularly after touching your face, mouth, or nose if you’re sick, after touching another person who is sick, or after changing a baby’s diaper) can cut down dramatically on the number of germs that you are exposing yourself to. |
| − | #*Wash your hands using soap and warm (or hot) water for at least 20 seconds. Be sure to clean between your fingers and under your fingernails. Then rinse your hands well with clean water.<ref> http://www.cdc.gov/features/handwashing/</ref> | + | #*Wash your hands using soap and warm (or hot) water for at least 20 seconds. Be sure to clean between your fingers and under your fingernails. Then rinse your hands well with clean water.<ref name="rf10"> http://www.cdc.gov/features/handwashing/</ref> |
#Cover coughs and sneezes. Help others stay well when you are sick by covering your mouth and nose when you cough or sneeze. This will help keep your germs reigned in, not allowing them to fly across the room. | #Cover coughs and sneezes. Help others stay well when you are sick by covering your mouth and nose when you cough or sneeze. This will help keep your germs reigned in, not allowing them to fly across the room. | ||
#*Wash your hands after coughing or sneezing into your hands before touching another person or common surfaces such as door knobs or light switches. | #*Wash your hands after coughing or sneezing into your hands before touching another person or common surfaces such as door knobs or light switches. | ||
#*You can also cover your mouth or nose with the crook of your arm (the inside of your elbow). This can help limit the spread of germs without causing you to need to wash your hands every 2 minutes while you are sick. | #*You can also cover your mouth or nose with the crook of your arm (the inside of your elbow). This can help limit the spread of germs without causing you to need to wash your hands every 2 minutes while you are sick. | ||
| − | #Stay home when you are sick. You can limit the spread of germs by staying away from others while you are ill.<ref | + | #Stay home when you are sick. You can limit the spread of germs by staying away from others while you are ill.<ref name="rf9" /> If you can, take time off of work (or telecommute for the day); your coworkers will likely appreciate your considerateness. |
| − | #Keep your children home when they are sick.<ref | + | #Keep your children home when they are sick.<ref name="rf9" /> Day care centers and schools are often teeming with infectious germs. It’s common for infections to bounce around from child to child, causing miserable kids and stressed-out parents. Avoid this by keeping your child home when she is sick. She will likely get better faster with your care, and you are helping prevent others from becoming sick as well. |
| − | #Stay current on vaccines. Be sure that you and your children have received all of the recommended vaccines for your age and geographic area. Vaccines help prevent infections and diseases before they happen, which is preferable to treating them after they have occurred. <ref | + | #Stay current on vaccines. Be sure that you and your children have received all of the recommended vaccines for your age and geographic area. Vaccines help prevent infections and diseases before they happen, which is preferable to treating them after they have occurred. <ref name="rf9" /> |
===Understanding Common Bacterial Infections=== | ===Understanding Common Bacterial Infections=== | ||
| − | #Understand staph infections. ''Staphylococci'', more commonly referred to as “staph,” are gram-positive cocci in clusters. The “gram” in gram-positive refers to the gram stain pattern of the bacteria when viewed under the microscope. The “cocci” indicates the shape when viewed under a microscope. This types of bacteria usually invades the body through a cut or wound.<ref>http://labtestsonline.org/understanding/analytes/gram-stain/tab/test/</ref> | + | #Understand staph infections. ''Staphylococci'', more commonly referred to as “staph,” are gram-positive cocci in clusters. The “gram” in gram-positive refers to the gram stain pattern of the bacteria when viewed under the microscope. The “cocci” indicates the shape when viewed under a microscope. This types of bacteria usually invades the body through a cut or wound.<ref name="rf11">http://labtestsonline.org/understanding/analytes/gram-stain/tab/test/</ref> |
#*''Staph aureus'' is the most common type of staph infection. ''Staph aureus'' may cause pneumonia, food poisoning, skin infections, blood poisoning, or toxic shock syndrome. | #*''Staph aureus'' is the most common type of staph infection. ''Staph aureus'' may cause pneumonia, food poisoning, skin infections, blood poisoning, or toxic shock syndrome. | ||
| − | #*MRSA (methicillin-resistant ''Staphylococcus aureus'') is a staph infection that is hard to treat. MRSA does not respond to some antibiotics and it is thought that the strain developed in response to antibiotics. Therefore, many doctors will not prescribe antibiotics unless it is absolutely necessary.<ref>http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/staphylococcalinfections.html</ref> | + | #*MRSA (methicillin-resistant ''Staphylococcus aureus'') is a staph infection that is hard to treat. MRSA does not respond to some antibiotics and it is thought that the strain developed in response to antibiotics. Therefore, many doctors will not prescribe antibiotics unless it is absolutely necessary.<ref name="rf12">http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/staphylococcalinfections.html</ref> |
| − | #Learn about strep infections. ''Streptococci'', more commonly referred to as "strep," are gram-positive cocci in chains and a common type of bacteria. ''Streptococci'' cause strep throat, pneumonia, cellulitis, impetigo, scarlet fever, rheumatic fever, acute glomerulonephritis, meningitis, otitis media, sinusitis, and many more infections.<ref>http://emedicine.medscape.com/article/228936-medication</ref><ref>http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/568809/Streptococcus</ref> | + | #Learn about strep infections. ''Streptococci'', more commonly referred to as "strep," are gram-positive cocci in chains and a common type of bacteria. ''Streptococci'' cause strep throat, pneumonia, cellulitis, impetigo, scarlet fever, rheumatic fever, acute glomerulonephritis, meningitis, otitis media, sinusitis, and many more infections.<ref name="rf13">http://emedicine.medscape.com/article/228936-medication</ref><ref name="rf14">http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/568809/Streptococcus</ref> |
| − | #Know about ''Escherichia coli''. ''Escherichia coli,'' or ''E. coli'', is a gram-negative rod, that is found in the waste material of animals and humans. There is a large, diverse group of ''E.Coli'' bacteria. Some strains are harmful, but most strains are not. ''E.Coli'' can cause diarrhea, gastrointestinal infections, urinary tract infections, respiratory infections, and other infections.<ref>http://www.cdc.gov/ecoli/</ref> | + | #Know about ''Escherichia coli''. ''Escherichia coli,'' or ''E. coli'', is a gram-negative rod, that is found in the waste material of animals and humans. There is a large, diverse group of ''E.Coli'' bacteria. Some strains are harmful, but most strains are not. ''E.Coli'' can cause diarrhea, gastrointestinal infections, urinary tract infections, respiratory infections, and other infections.<ref name="rf15">http://www.cdc.gov/ecoli/</ref> |
| − | #Understand ''Salmonella'' infections. ''Salmonella'' is a gram-negative rod that can disrupt the digestive tract. ''Salmonella'' can cause severe illness and it usually requires a lengthy antibiotic treatment. Raw or undercooked poultry, meat and eggs can contain salmonella.<ref>http://kidshealth.org/parent/infections/stomach/salmonellosis.html</ref> | + | #Understand ''Salmonella'' infections. ''Salmonella'' is a gram-negative rod that can disrupt the digestive tract. ''Salmonella'' can cause severe illness and it usually requires a lengthy antibiotic treatment. Raw or undercooked poultry, meat and eggs can contain salmonella.<ref name="rf16">http://kidshealth.org/parent/infections/stomach/salmonellosis.html</ref> |
| − | #Understand ''Haemophilus influenzae'' infections. ''Haemophilus influenzae'' are gram-negative rods. ''Haemophilus influenzae'' is transmitted by air so it is highly contagious. It can cause epiglottis, meningitis, otitis media, and pneumonia. This bacteria can cause a severe infection that may lead to a lifelong disability. It can even be fatal.<ref>http://www.cdc.gov/hi-disease/about/index.html</ref><ref>http://emedicine.medscape.com/article/218271-medication#2</ref> | + | #Understand ''Haemophilus influenzae'' infections. ''Haemophilus influenzae'' are gram-negative rods. ''Haemophilus influenzae'' is transmitted by air so it is highly contagious. It can cause epiglottis, meningitis, otitis media, and pneumonia. This bacteria can cause a severe infection that may lead to a lifelong disability. It can even be fatal.<ref name="rf17">http://www.cdc.gov/hi-disease/about/index.html</ref><ref name="rf18">http://emedicine.medscape.com/article/218271-medication#2</ref> |
#*''Haemophilus influenzae'' is not covered by the common “flu shot,” which targets viral influenza, but most children are vaccinated against ''Haemophilus influenzae'' early in childhood (it is called the “Hib” vaccine). | #*''Haemophilus influenzae'' is not covered by the common “flu shot,” which targets viral influenza, but most children are vaccinated against ''Haemophilus influenzae'' early in childhood (it is called the “Hib” vaccine). | ||
== Tips == | == Tips == | ||
| Line 62: | Line 62: | ||
== Warnings == | == Warnings == | ||
*Watch for signs of an allergic reaction when you take antibiotic medications. You can develop a reaction at any age regardless of past exposure to a particular antibiotic. Signs of a reaction include rashes (especially hives or welts) and shortness of breath. Seek immediate medical attention or call 911 if you are having trouble breathing, swelling of your lips, tongue, or airway or are feeling faint or dizzy. Otherwise, call your doctor if you think you have a reaction, and stop taking the antibiotic. | *Watch for signs of an allergic reaction when you take antibiotic medications. You can develop a reaction at any age regardless of past exposure to a particular antibiotic. Signs of a reaction include rashes (especially hives or welts) and shortness of breath. Seek immediate medical attention or call 911 if you are having trouble breathing, swelling of your lips, tongue, or airway or are feeling faint or dizzy. Otherwise, call your doctor if you think you have a reaction, and stop taking the antibiotic. | ||
| − | * Some studies suggest that children under the age of one who receive broad-spectrum antibiotics may have a higher risk of developing asthma. But keep in mind that if your doctor prescribes a broad-spectrum antibiotic to your child, it is probably because the benefits outweigh the risks. A broad-spectrum antibiotic may be the only option to fight the infection.<ref>http://www.newhealthguide.org/Broad-Spectrum-Antibiotics.html</ref> | + | * Some studies suggest that children under the age of one who receive broad-spectrum antibiotics may have a higher risk of developing asthma. But keep in mind that if your doctor prescribes a broad-spectrum antibiotic to your child, it is probably because the benefits outweigh the risks. A broad-spectrum antibiotic may be the only option to fight the infection.<ref name="rf19">http://www.newhealthguide.org/Broad-Spectrum-Antibiotics.html</ref> |
| − | *Adults who take broad-spectrum antibiotics can become resistant to narrow spectrum antibiotics.<ref | + | *Adults who take broad-spectrum antibiotics can become resistant to narrow spectrum antibiotics.<ref name="rf19" /> |
== Related Articles == | == Related Articles == | ||
