Difference between revisions of "Treat Pneumonia"
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| − | Pneumonia is a lower respiratory tract infection that affects the lung tissue. Lower respiratory tract infections are the number one cause of infectious disease death in the United States.<ref>Mandell, LA, Wunderink, RG. and Anzueto, A. Infectious Disease Society of America/American Thoracic Society, Consensus Guidelines for the Management of Community Acquired Pneumonia in Adults, Clinical Infectious Disease, 2007, 44: S27-72.</ref> Treating mild cases of pneumonia will require outpatient care with antibiotics and rest, while moderate cases will need inpatient care with IV antibiotics. Severe cases of pneumonia require inpatient care with IV antibiotics, as well as intubation and mechanical ventilation to assist with respiration. Regardless of the level of severity, pneumonia is a very serious condition and should be treated promptly and completely. | + | Pneumonia is a lower respiratory tract infection that affects the lung tissue. Lower respiratory tract infections are the number one cause of infectious disease death in the United States.<ref name="rf1">Mandell, LA, Wunderink, RG. and Anzueto, A. Infectious Disease Society of America/American Thoracic Society, Consensus Guidelines for the Management of Community Acquired Pneumonia in Adults, Clinical Infectious Disease, 2007, 44: S27-72.</ref> Treating mild cases of pneumonia will require outpatient care with antibiotics and rest, while moderate cases will need inpatient care with IV antibiotics. Severe cases of pneumonia require inpatient care with IV antibiotics, as well as intubation and mechanical ventilation to assist with respiration. Regardless of the level of severity, pneumonia is a very serious condition and should be treated promptly and completely. |
| − | [[Category:Respiratory Health]] | + | [[Category: Respiratory Health]] |
==Steps== | ==Steps== | ||
===Treating Pneumonia=== | ===Treating Pneumonia=== | ||
#Take care of mild cases. If you have a mild case of pneumonia, you will be treated as an outpatient. If the patient is a child, she may be admitted to the hospital if the doctor thinks it may get worse. Your doctor will start you on an antibiotic regimen. Your doctor will also suggest rest and increased sleep in order to get better as quickly as possible. Even in mild cases, you should not go to school or work until your doctor says you can. Total recovery is generally seven to 10 days. | #Take care of mild cases. If you have a mild case of pneumonia, you will be treated as an outpatient. If the patient is a child, she may be admitted to the hospital if the doctor thinks it may get worse. Your doctor will start you on an antibiotic regimen. Your doctor will also suggest rest and increased sleep in order to get better as quickly as possible. Even in mild cases, you should not go to school or work until your doctor says you can. Total recovery is generally seven to 10 days. | ||
| − | #*Some types of pneumonia are highly contagious, while others are only passed to others under optimal conditions.<ref>http://www.medicinenet.com/is_pneumonia_contagious/page2.htm</ref> When you are diagnosed, ask your doctor about how contagious your particular pneumonia is, and for how long you will be considered contagious.<ref | + | #*Some types of pneumonia are highly contagious, while others are only passed to others under optimal conditions.<ref name="rf2">http://www.medicinenet.com/is_pneumonia_contagious/page2.htm</ref> When you are diagnosed, ask your doctor about how contagious your particular pneumonia is, and for how long you will be considered contagious.<ref name="rf2" /> |
#*You should see a significant improvement in your symptoms within 48 hours of treatment. This means you should no longer have a fever and have an overall increase in strength. | #*You should see a significant improvement in your symptoms within 48 hours of treatment. This means you should no longer have a fever and have an overall increase in strength. | ||
| − | #*There is no need for special care when cleaning up after a patient with pneumonia. The germs that cause it are not viable on inanimate objects for any substantial time frame and will be removed with normal washing.<ref> http://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/pneumonia/basics/treatment/con-20020032</ref> | + | #*There is no need for special care when cleaning up after a patient with pneumonia. The germs that cause it are not viable on inanimate objects for any substantial time frame and will be removed with normal washing.<ref name="rf3"> http://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/pneumonia/basics/treatment/con-20020032</ref> |
#Deal with moderate cases. Moderate cases of pneumonia are those with significant respiratory compromise and require supplemental oxygen to keep their oxygen saturation up. These patients will also have fever and overall sickly appearance. If this is how your pneumonia manifests, you will likely be admitted to inpatient wards to receive intravenous antibiotics. The kind of antibiotics you get will not change, they will just be in IV form in order to get the drugs into your system faster. | #Deal with moderate cases. Moderate cases of pneumonia are those with significant respiratory compromise and require supplemental oxygen to keep their oxygen saturation up. These patients will also have fever and overall sickly appearance. If this is how your pneumonia manifests, you will likely be admitted to inpatient wards to receive intravenous antibiotics. The kind of antibiotics you get will not change, they will just be in IV form in order to get the drugs into your system faster. | ||
#*You will be changed to oral antibiotics as your fever breaks and you become responsive to therapy. This typically takes no more than 48 hours. | #*You will be changed to oral antibiotics as your fever breaks and you become responsive to therapy. This typically takes no more than 48 hours. | ||
| − | #*The treatment from here follows the same for mild cases, because the case has transitioned from moderate to mild.<ref | + | #*The treatment from here follows the same for mild cases, because the case has transitioned from moderate to mild.<ref name="rf3" /> |
| − | #Seek help for severe cases. Severe cases of pneumonia are those with patients who are going through respiratory failure. This requires intubation and mechanical ventilation. It may also require being admitted to the intensive care unit.<ref>Confalonieri, Marco, Alfredo Potena, and George Carbone. Acute Respiratory Failure in Patients with severe Community Acquired Pneumonia, American Journal of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine 1999 Vol 160 pp 1585-1591</ref><ref>Watkins, Richard and Tracy Lemonovich. Diagnosis and Management of Community Acquired Pneumonias in Adults American Family Physician 2011 Jun; 83 (11) 1299-1306</ref> | + | #Seek help for severe cases. Severe cases of pneumonia are those with patients who are going through respiratory failure. This requires intubation and mechanical ventilation. It may also require being admitted to the intensive care unit.<ref name="rf4">Confalonieri, Marco, Alfredo Potena, and George Carbone. Acute Respiratory Failure in Patients with severe Community Acquired Pneumonia, American Journal of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine 1999 Vol 160 pp 1585-1591</ref><ref name="rf5">Watkins, Richard and Tracy Lemonovich. Diagnosis and Management of Community Acquired Pneumonias in Adults American Family Physician 2011 Jun; 83 (11) 1299-1306</ref> |
#*Like with moderate cases, IV antibiotics are required. These cases often require vasopressor support with pressors (medications which raise your blood pressure) to counter the effects of septic shock. | #*Like with moderate cases, IV antibiotics are required. These cases often require vasopressor support with pressors (medications which raise your blood pressure) to counter the effects of septic shock. | ||
| − | #*While in the hospital, you will need supportive care to improve your general health while the medications do their work. Once you improve, you will follow the care for moderate and then mild cases as you get better. The length of your hospital stay will depend on the severity of the damage to your lungs and how bad your case of pneumonia was.<ref>http://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/pneumonia/basics/treatment/con-20020032</ref> | + | #*While in the hospital, you will need supportive care to improve your general health while the medications do their work. Once you improve, you will follow the care for moderate and then mild cases as you get better. The length of your hospital stay will depend on the severity of the damage to your lungs and how bad your case of pneumonia was.<ref name="rf6">http://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/pneumonia/basics/treatment/con-20020032</ref> |
| − | #*Your doctor may utilize bilevel positive airway pressure (BiPAP) in select patients to prevent intubation and traditional mechanical ventilation.<ref>http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/14720000</ref> BiPAP is a non-invasive way to deliver pressurized air to a patient, often used to treat sleep apnea.<ref>https://www.sleepassociation.org/cpap-vs-bipap/</ref> | + | #*Your doctor may utilize bilevel positive airway pressure (BiPAP) in select patients to prevent intubation and traditional mechanical ventilation.<ref name="rf7">http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/14720000</ref> BiPAP is a non-invasive way to deliver pressurized air to a patient, often used to treat sleep apnea.<ref name="rf8">https://www.sleepassociation.org/cpap-vs-bipap/</ref> |
#Take the right antibiotics. There are a few different antibiotics that you can take if you get pneumonia. Your doctor will determine which kind of pathogen caused your pneumonia, which will then determine which medicine you take. For the most common forms of pneumonia, antibiotics such as zithromax or doxycycline are combined with amoxicillin, augmentin, ampicillin, cefaclor, or cefotaxime. The dosage will depend on the age and severity of your case, as well as your allergies and the culture results. | #Take the right antibiotics. There are a few different antibiotics that you can take if you get pneumonia. Your doctor will determine which kind of pathogen caused your pneumonia, which will then determine which medicine you take. For the most common forms of pneumonia, antibiotics such as zithromax or doxycycline are combined with amoxicillin, augmentin, ampicillin, cefaclor, or cefotaxime. The dosage will depend on the age and severity of your case, as well as your allergies and the culture results. | ||
| − | #*You doctor may prescribe the less common but effective single antibiotic therapy route, which is a respiratory quinolone such as Levaquin or Avelox for adults.<ref | + | #*You doctor may prescribe the less common but effective single antibiotic therapy route, which is a respiratory quinolone such as Levaquin or Avelox for adults.<ref name="rf5" /> Quinolones not indicated for pediatric populations. |
#*In moderate cases and mild cases on the verge of hospitalization, your doctor may give you a rocephin IV followed with the oral regimen. | #*In moderate cases and mild cases on the verge of hospitalization, your doctor may give you a rocephin IV followed with the oral regimen. | ||
| − | #*In all these cases, your doctor will follow up within a few days to see how your symptoms are progressing.<ref | + | #*In all these cases, your doctor will follow up within a few days to see how your symptoms are progressing.<ref name="rf1" /> |
#Treat hospital-acquired pneumonia (HAP). Patients that get HAP are already dealing with health issues. This makes their treatment a little different than community-acquired pneumonia (CAP), though these methods may be used in rare and severe cases of CAP. HAP can be caused by many different types of pathogens, so your doctor will determine which kind you have and then administer the antibiotics according to the pathogen infecting your. The common treatments are: | #Treat hospital-acquired pneumonia (HAP). Patients that get HAP are already dealing with health issues. This makes their treatment a little different than community-acquired pneumonia (CAP), though these methods may be used in rare and severe cases of CAP. HAP can be caused by many different types of pathogens, so your doctor will determine which kind you have and then administer the antibiotics according to the pathogen infecting your. The common treatments are: | ||
#*For Klebsiella and E Coli, IV antibiotics such as quinolone, ceftazidime, or ceftriaxone | #*For Klebsiella and E Coli, IV antibiotics such as quinolone, ceftazidime, or ceftriaxone | ||
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#*For Staph Aureus or MRSA, IV antibiotics such as vancomycin | #*For Staph Aureus or MRSA, IV antibiotics such as vancomycin | ||
#*For fungal pneumonias, IV antibiotics such as Amphotericin B or Diflucan IV | #*For fungal pneumonias, IV antibiotics such as Amphotericin B or Diflucan IV | ||
| − | #*For vancomycin resistant enterococcus: IV antibiotics of Ceftaroline<ref | + | #*For vancomycin resistant enterococcus: IV antibiotics of Ceftaroline<ref name="rf1" /> |
===Preventing Pneumonia=== | ===Preventing Pneumonia=== | ||
#Take the flu shot. Pneumonia can be caused when influenza is contracted and becomes advanced. Because of this, it is recommended that you get the flu shot every year. Since this helps fight against the flu, it will help fight against pneumonia as well. | #Take the flu shot. Pneumonia can be caused when influenza is contracted and becomes advanced. Because of this, it is recommended that you get the flu shot every year. Since this helps fight against the flu, it will help fight against pneumonia as well. | ||
#*The flu shot can be taken by anyone over the age of six months. | #*The flu shot can be taken by anyone over the age of six months. | ||
| − | #*There is a special vaccine that can be taken by children younger than two and also one for those two to five years old who are at increased risk of pneumonia. Children who go to communal day care should also get the vaccine.<ref>http://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/pneumonia/basics/prevention/con-20020032</ref> | + | #*There is a special vaccine that can be taken by children younger than two and also one for those two to five years old who are at increased risk of pneumonia. Children who go to communal day care should also get the vaccine.<ref name="rf9">http://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/pneumonia/basics/prevention/con-20020032</ref> |
#*There is also a vaccine for those without spleens, over the age of 65, with lung disease such as asthma and COPD, and with sickle cell anemia. | #*There is also a vaccine for those without spleens, over the age of 65, with lung disease such as asthma and COPD, and with sickle cell anemia. | ||
#Wash your hands often. If you want to avoid getting pneumonia, you need to avoid coming into contact with the viruses and germs that cause it. You can do this through proper hand washing. If you are in public or around someone you know is sick, you should wash your hands as much as possible. Also avoid putting your unclean hands near your face in order to prevent the spread of unwashed germs from your hands to your system. To wash your hands properly, you need to: | #Wash your hands often. If you want to avoid getting pneumonia, you need to avoid coming into contact with the viruses and germs that cause it. You can do this through proper hand washing. If you are in public or around someone you know is sick, you should wash your hands as much as possible. Also avoid putting your unclean hands near your face in order to prevent the spread of unwashed germs from your hands to your system. To wash your hands properly, you need to: | ||
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#*Keep rubbing your hands for at least 20 seconds, which is how long it takes to sing the "Happy Birthday" song all the way through twice. | #*Keep rubbing your hands for at least 20 seconds, which is how long it takes to sing the "Happy Birthday" song all the way through twice. | ||
#*Rinse your hands in the water to rinse off the soap. Make sure the water is warm to help remove the soap and germs. | #*Rinse your hands in the water to rinse off the soap. Make sure the water is warm to help remove the soap and germs. | ||
| − | #*Dry them off with a clean towel.<ref>http://www.cdc.gov/handwashing/</ref> | + | #*Dry them off with a clean towel.<ref name="rf10">http://www.cdc.gov/handwashing/</ref> |
#Take care of yourself. A great way to prevent contracting pneumonia is to be in the best overall health you can be. This means you need to [[Get in Shape|stay in shape]] physically and mentally. Try to exercise every day, [[Eat a Well Balanced Diet|eat a healthy and well-balanced diet]], and [[Sleep Better|get enough sleep]]. These things all benefit your health and will keep your immune system in the best shape it can be, which will help you stay as healthy as possible. | #Take care of yourself. A great way to prevent contracting pneumonia is to be in the best overall health you can be. This means you need to [[Get in Shape|stay in shape]] physically and mentally. Try to exercise every day, [[Eat a Well Balanced Diet|eat a healthy and well-balanced diet]], and [[Sleep Better|get enough sleep]]. These things all benefit your health and will keep your immune system in the best shape it can be, which will help you stay as healthy as possible. | ||
| − | #*Many people think they can skimp off sleep and still be healthy. Studies have been done that link the wellbeing of your immune system to the amount of sleep you get each night. The more high-quality sleep, which is uninterrupted sleep in a sleep-conducive environment, you get a night, the healthier your immune system will be.<ref> DeKeyser Ganz, Freda. Critical Care Nurse, Sleep and Immune Function, April 2012 volume 32 (2) e 19-e-25</ref> | + | #*Many people think they can skimp off sleep and still be healthy. Studies have been done that link the wellbeing of your immune system to the amount of sleep you get each night. The more high-quality sleep, which is uninterrupted sleep in a sleep-conducive environment, you get a night, the healthier your immune system will be.<ref name="rf11"> DeKeyser Ganz, Freda. Critical Care Nurse, Sleep and Immune Function, April 2012 volume 32 (2) e 19-e-25</ref> |
| − | #Try vitamins and minerals. There are some supplements that you can take to boost your overall immune health. One of the best to help pneumonia is Vitamin C. Take between 1000 to 2000 mg every day. You can get this from citrus fruit, citrus juice, broccoli, watermelon, cantaloupe, and many other fruits and vegetables.<ref>Hemilia, H Vitamin C Supplementation and the common cold: Factors Affecting the Magnitude of the Benefit, Medical Hypotheses, 2012, 52 (2) 171-178</ref> | + | #Try vitamins and minerals. There are some supplements that you can take to boost your overall immune health. One of the best to help pneumonia is Vitamin C. Take between 1000 to 2000 mg every day. You can get this from citrus fruit, citrus juice, broccoli, watermelon, cantaloupe, and many other fruits and vegetables.<ref name="rf12">Hemilia, H Vitamin C Supplementation and the common cold: Factors Affecting the Magnitude of the Benefit, Medical Hypotheses, 2012, 52 (2) 171-178</ref> |
| − | #*Zinc is helpful if you feel like you are getting a cold, which can turn into pneumonia. At the first sign of symptoms, take 150 mg of zinc three times a day.<ref>Magini, S, Beverly S, Suter M, Combination High Dose Vitamin C plus Zinc, Journal of Internal Medicine Residency 2012 40 1-28-42</ref> | + | #*Zinc is helpful if you feel like you are getting a cold, which can turn into pneumonia. At the first sign of symptoms, take 150 mg of zinc three times a day.<ref name="rf13">Magini, S, Beverly S, Suter M, Combination High Dose Vitamin C plus Zinc, Journal of Internal Medicine Residency 2012 40 1-28-42</ref> |
===Understanding Community-Acquired Pneumonia=== | ===Understanding Community-Acquired Pneumonia=== | ||
#Learn the types. Pneumonia is divided into two broad types that are caused by different things and are treated differently — community-acquired pneumonias (CAP) and hospital-acquired pneumonia (HAP), which will be discussed later. CAP consists pneumonia caused by typical bacteria, atypical bacteria, and respiratory viruses. | #Learn the types. Pneumonia is divided into two broad types that are caused by different things and are treated differently — community-acquired pneumonias (CAP) and hospital-acquired pneumonia (HAP), which will be discussed later. CAP consists pneumonia caused by typical bacteria, atypical bacteria, and respiratory viruses. | ||
| − | #*CAP is the kind of pneumonia most people contract in their daily lives. CAP is more dangerous in the elderly, the very young, and those with a compromised immune system, such as those with diabetes, with HIV, on chemotherapy, and taking steroid medications. CAP can range from a mild case treated at home to a case with acute respiratory failure and death.<ref | + | #*CAP is the kind of pneumonia most people contract in their daily lives. CAP is more dangerous in the elderly, the very young, and those with a compromised immune system, such as those with diabetes, with HIV, on chemotherapy, and taking steroid medications. CAP can range from a mild case treated at home to a case with acute respiratory failure and death.<ref name="rf4" /> |
| − | #Recognize the symptoms of pneumonia. The symptoms of pneumonia can vary from mild to severe, depending on the type of germ causing the pneumonia and how badly the patient is infected. If you notice any of these symptoms, see your doctor immediately to get treated. The longer you wait, the worse you can get. Symptoms of CAP include:<ref | + | #Recognize the symptoms of pneumonia. The symptoms of pneumonia can vary from mild to severe, depending on the type of germ causing the pneumonia and how badly the patient is infected. If you notice any of these symptoms, see your doctor immediately to get treated. The longer you wait, the worse you can get. Symptoms of CAP include:<ref name="rf5" /> |
#*A productive cough | #*A productive cough | ||
#*Mucus with a thick texture, which may be green, yellow, or red tinged | #*Mucus with a thick texture, which may be green, yellow, or red tinged | ||
| Line 53: | Line 53: | ||
#*Drop in oxygen saturation in the lungs | #*Drop in oxygen saturation in the lungs | ||
#Diagnose CAP. When you see your doctor, they will check for all the common symptoms. In addition to this, he or she will also take a chest radiograph, which will show how your lungs are affected. If your doctor see an area of white patchy consolidation on a lobe of the lung, which should usually be black, you likely have pneumonia. There may be a parapneumonic effusion, or collection of fluid, adjacent to the area of infection. | #Diagnose CAP. When you see your doctor, they will check for all the common symptoms. In addition to this, he or she will also take a chest radiograph, which will show how your lungs are affected. If your doctor see an area of white patchy consolidation on a lobe of the lung, which should usually be black, you likely have pneumonia. There may be a parapneumonic effusion, or collection of fluid, adjacent to the area of infection. | ||
| − | #*Blood tests are not typically needed in mild cases of pneumonia. However, if your case is more advanced, your doctor may take labs such as a complete blood count, a basic metabolic panel, a mucus specimen, and cultures. <ref | + | #*Blood tests are not typically needed in mild cases of pneumonia. However, if your case is more advanced, your doctor may take labs such as a complete blood count, a basic metabolic panel, a mucus specimen, and cultures. <ref name="rf5" /> |
| − | #Seek immediate medical attention. There are certain circumstances in which you may need to see immediate medical care. Even if you have been treated, you should seek immediate medical help if your symptoms get worse. Get to a doctor or emergency room as soon as possible if:<ref> http://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/pneumonia/basics/symptoms/con-20020032</ref> | + | #Seek immediate medical attention. There are certain circumstances in which you may need to see immediate medical care. Even if you have been treated, you should seek immediate medical help if your symptoms get worse. Get to a doctor or emergency room as soon as possible if:<ref name="rf14"> http://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/pneumonia/basics/symptoms/con-20020032</ref> |
#*You become confused about time, people or places | #*You become confused about time, people or places | ||
#*Your nausea and vomiting prevent you from keeping down oral antibiotics | #*Your nausea and vomiting prevent you from keeping down oral antibiotics | ||
| Line 63: | Line 63: | ||
#*Your temperature is below normal | #*Your temperature is below normal | ||
===Understanding Hospital-Acquired Pneumonia=== | ===Understanding Hospital-Acquired Pneumonia=== | ||
| − | #Know about hospital-acquired pneumonia (HAP). HAP occurs in patients who contract pneumonia while hospitalized. HAP refers to pneumonia that patients acquire while in the hospital. This strain is typically very severe and is accompanied by high death rates. It accounts for up to 2% of all rehospitalizations. It happens to all kinds of hospital patients, from those who are getting surgery to those who had a fall to those already with a serious infection. Hospital acquired pneumonia can lead to sepsis and multi-organ failure, and death.<ref>Lynch, Joseph. Hospital Acquired Pneumonia Risk Factors, Microbiology and Treatment. Chest Feb 2001, Vol 119 (2) Supp 1</ref> | + | #Know about hospital-acquired pneumonia (HAP). HAP occurs in patients who contract pneumonia while hospitalized. HAP refers to pneumonia that patients acquire while in the hospital. This strain is typically very severe and is accompanied by high death rates. It accounts for up to 2% of all rehospitalizations. It happens to all kinds of hospital patients, from those who are getting surgery to those who had a fall to those already with a serious infection. Hospital acquired pneumonia can lead to sepsis and multi-organ failure, and death.<ref name="rf15">Lynch, Joseph. Hospital Acquired Pneumonia Risk Factors, Microbiology and Treatment. Chest Feb 2001, Vol 119 (2) Supp 1</ref> |
#*The symptoms of hospital acquired pneumonia are the same, since they are both types of the same disease. | #*The symptoms of hospital acquired pneumonia are the same, since they are both types of the same disease. | ||
| − | #Recognize the risks of hospital acquired pneumonia. Community acquired pneumonia is spread through the transmission of common pathogens. Hospital acquired pneumonia, however, is spread within a hospital. There are some patients that are more at risk than others based on their condition, though anyone in a hospital can contract HAP. These risk factors include:<ref | + | #Recognize the risks of hospital acquired pneumonia. Community acquired pneumonia is spread through the transmission of common pathogens. Hospital acquired pneumonia, however, is spread within a hospital. There are some patients that are more at risk than others based on their condition, though anyone in a hospital can contract HAP. These risk factors include:<ref name="rf15" /> |
#*Being in the ICU | #*Being in the ICU | ||
#*Being on a mechanical ventilation for 48 hours or more | #*Being on a mechanical ventilation for 48 hours or more | ||
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#*Those with severe issues with their underlying issues when they were originally hospitalized | #*Those with severe issues with their underlying issues when they were originally hospitalized | ||
#*Those with heart failure, renal failure, liver failure, COPD, and diabetes | #*Those with heart failure, renal failure, liver failure, COPD, and diabetes | ||
| − | #Learn the causes of hospital acquired pneumonia. Hospital acquired pneumonia can occur through complications after surgery, such as a post surgery collapsed lung or from not taking enough deep breaths due to pain. It can also occur due to poor hygiene from the medical staff at the hospital, especially while caring for patients with central lines, those one ventilator care, and those having a breathing tube placed or replaced.<ref>Niederman, Michael. Hospital Acquired Pneumonia, Health Care associated Pneumonia, Ventilator associated Pneumonia and associated tracheobronchitis: Definitions and Challenges in Trial Design Clinical Infectious Disease 2010, vol 51 , Supp 12-17</ref> | + | #Learn the causes of hospital acquired pneumonia. Hospital acquired pneumonia can occur through complications after surgery, such as a post surgery collapsed lung or from not taking enough deep breaths due to pain. It can also occur due to poor hygiene from the medical staff at the hospital, especially while caring for patients with central lines, those one ventilator care, and those having a breathing tube placed or replaced.<ref name="rf16">Niederman, Michael. Hospital Acquired Pneumonia, Health Care associated Pneumonia, Ventilator associated Pneumonia and associated tracheobronchitis: Definitions and Challenges in Trial Design Clinical Infectious Disease 2010, vol 51 , Supp 12-17</ref> |
| − | #Avoid hospital-acquired pneumonia. HAP can be avoided through excellent hygiene amongst healthcare providers, meticulous ventilator care, and post-operative use of incentive spirometers, which are devices that encourage deep breathing among post surgical patients. It can also be avoided if a person gets out of bed faster after surgery and if any intubations are removed as soon as possible. <ref | + | #Avoid hospital-acquired pneumonia. HAP can be avoided through excellent hygiene amongst healthcare providers, meticulous ventilator care, and post-operative use of incentive spirometers, which are devices that encourage deep breathing among post surgical patients. It can also be avoided if a person gets out of bed faster after surgery and if any intubations are removed as soon as possible. <ref name="rf15" /> |
== Related Articles == | == Related Articles == | ||
