Difference between revisions of "Help Someone Who Is Thinking About Committing Suicide"
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| − | {{fa}}If you have reason to believe that someone you know is contemplating suicide, you should help that person get help immediately. Suicide, the intentional taking of one’s own life, is a serious threat, even to those who are unable to fully understand the finality of death.<ref> http://www.suicidepreventionlifeline.org/</ref> Whether your friend told you they were thinking of suicide or you just sense a possibility, you should act; doing so can save a life. Call the US National Suicide Prevention Lifeline at 1-800-273-TALK (8255) or 1-800-SUICIDE (1-800-784-2433) or the UK Suicide hotline at 08457 90 90 90 <ref>http://www.nhs.uk/Conditions/Suicide/Pages/Getting-help.aspx</ref> to learn more about how to provide assistance and to find out about local suicide prevention resources.<ref | + | {{fa}}If you have reason to believe that someone you know is contemplating suicide, you should help that person get help immediately. Suicide, the intentional taking of one’s own life, is a serious threat, even to those who are unable to fully understand the finality of death.<ref name="rf1"> http://www.suicidepreventionlifeline.org/</ref> Whether your friend told you they were thinking of suicide or you just sense a possibility, you should act; doing so can save a life. Call the US National Suicide Prevention Lifeline at 1-800-273-TALK (8255) or 1-800-SUICIDE (1-800-784-2433) or the UK Suicide hotline at 08457 90 90 90 <ref name="rf2">http://www.nhs.uk/Conditions/Suicide/Pages/Getting-help.aspx</ref> to learn more about how to provide assistance and to find out about local suicide prevention resources.<ref name="rf1" /> Experts agree that suicide is both a medical and a social problem and that it can be prevented by widespread awareness about suicide.<ref name="rf3"> Night Falls Fast: Understanding Suicide, by Dr. Kay Redfield Jamison (Vintage, 2000)</ref> |
[[Category:Coping with Suicide]] | [[Category:Coping with Suicide]] | ||
== Steps == | == Steps == | ||
===Talking to a Suicidal Person=== | ===Talking to a Suicidal Person=== | ||
| − | #Understand the principle behind suicide prevention. Suicide prevention is most effective when suicide risk factors <ref> http://www.cdc.gov/ViolencePrevention/suicide/index.html </ref> are reduced or de-emphasise and protective factors <ref | + | #Understand the principle behind suicide prevention. Suicide prevention is most effective when suicide risk factors <ref name="rf4"> http://www.cdc.gov/ViolencePrevention/suicide/index.html </ref> are reduced or de-emphasise and protective factors <ref name="rf4" /><ref name="rf5"> http://www.cdc.gov/violenceprevention/suicide/riskprotectivefactors.html </ref> are strengthened. To intervene in a suicide attempt, work on offering or strengthening those protective factors, as you may have less control over the risk factors. |
#*Risk factors include a history of suicide attempts and mental disorders; for a more comprehensive list, see Method 3: "Understanding Suicide Trends." | #*Risk factors include a history of suicide attempts and mental disorders; for a more comprehensive list, see Method 3: "Understanding Suicide Trends." | ||
| − | #*Protective factors include clinical treatment, family and community support, support from healthcare professionals, and development of problem solving and conflict resolution skills.<ref>http://www.cdc.gov/violenceprevention/suicide/riskprotectivefactors.html</ref> | + | #*Protective factors include clinical treatment, family and community support, support from healthcare professionals, and development of problem solving and conflict resolution skills.<ref name="rf6">http://www.cdc.gov/violenceprevention/suicide/riskprotectivefactors.html</ref> |
| − | #Show that you care. The best protective factors to combat feelings of isolation (a strong risk factor) are emotional support from<ref> Preventing Suicide: A Global Perspective, by World Health Organization (2014)</ref> and connectedness to friends, family, and community. <ref> Suicide Fact Sheet A, by National Center for Injury Prevention and Control, Division of Violence Prevention. (CDC, 2014)</ref><ref | + | #Show that you care. The best protective factors to combat feelings of isolation (a strong risk factor) are emotional support from<ref name="rf7"> Preventing Suicide: A Global Perspective, by World Health Organization (2014)</ref> and connectedness to friends, family, and community. <ref name="rf8"> Suicide Fact Sheet A, by National Center for Injury Prevention and Control, Division of Violence Prevention. (CDC, 2014)</ref><ref name="rf5" /> A suicidal person needs to have a sense of belonging to choose life,<ref name="rf9"> Why People Suicide, by Dr. Thomas Joiner (Harvard University Press, 2007)</ref> so you should show the person that they are an important part of your life. Think of ways that you can provide them with support or remove stress from their life. |
| − | #Engage adolescents’ or young adults’ enthusiasm about their interests. If the person you are concerned about is young, do research about their special interest(s) so that you can have a conversation with them about them. The main goal is to show that you care enough about the person to take their interests and recommendations seriously. Ask open questions that lead them to share their enthusiasm or interests openly with you.<ref>https://www.apa.org/pi/families/resources/talking-teens.pdf</ref> | + | #Engage adolescents’ or young adults’ enthusiasm about their interests. If the person you are concerned about is young, do research about their special interest(s) so that you can have a conversation with them about them. The main goal is to show that you care enough about the person to take their interests and recommendations seriously. Ask open questions that lead them to share their enthusiasm or interests openly with you.<ref name="rf10">https://www.apa.org/pi/families/resources/talking-teens.pdf</ref> |
#*You can ask questions like: “How did you learn so much about (fill in the blank)?” “Can you tell me more about that?” “I love your personal style; how do you decide what to wear? Do you have any fashion advice for me?” “I watched the movie you recommended and really enjoyed it. Do you have any other recommendations?” “What is your favorite movie? Why is it your favorite?” “What hobby or activity could you spend your whole life doing?” | #*You can ask questions like: “How did you learn so much about (fill in the blank)?” “Can you tell me more about that?” “I love your personal style; how do you decide what to wear? Do you have any fashion advice for me?” “I watched the movie you recommended and really enjoyed it. Do you have any other recommendations?” “What is your favorite movie? Why is it your favorite?” “What hobby or activity could you spend your whole life doing?” | ||
| − | #Help elders feel useful. If you know an elder who may be contemplating suicide due to feelings of helplessness or being a burden, try to make them feel useful or relieve some of their burden.<ref>http://www.dmu.ac.uk/research/research-news/2013/june/elderly-feel-ignored,-finds-dmu-research.aspx</ref> | + | #Help elders feel useful. If you know an elder who may be contemplating suicide due to feelings of helplessness or being a burden, try to make them feel useful or relieve some of their burden.<ref name="rf11">http://www.dmu.ac.uk/research/research-news/2013/june/elderly-feel-ignored,-finds-dmu-research.aspx</ref> |
#*Ask the person to teach you something, like how to cook a favorite recipe or how to knit or play a favorite card game. | #*Ask the person to teach you something, like how to cook a favorite recipe or how to knit or play a favorite card game. | ||
#*If the person has health or transportation issues, offer to drive them somewhere or bring them a home cooked meal. | #*If the person has health or transportation issues, offer to drive them somewhere or bring them a home cooked meal. | ||
#*Express interest in the person’s life or ask for advice dealing with a problem. You could ask questions like: “What was your life like when you were a teenager?” “What is your favorite memory?” “What is the biggest change you’ve seen in the world during your life?” “How would you support someone who is being bullied?” “How did you deal with being overwhelmed as a parent?” | #*Express interest in the person’s life or ask for advice dealing with a problem. You could ask questions like: “What was your life like when you were a teenager?” “What is your favorite memory?” “What is the biggest change you’ve seen in the world during your life?” “How would you support someone who is being bullied?” “How did you deal with being overwhelmed as a parent?” | ||
| − | #Do not be afraid to talk about suicide. Some cultures or families treat suicide as a taboo and avoid talking about it.<ref>Preventing Suicide: A Global Perspective, by World Health Organization (2014)</ref>. You may also be afraid that if you talk to someone about suicide, you will prompt them to act on their suicidal thoughts. These factors or others may lead you to hesitate to speak openly about suicide. However, you should fight this instinct because the opposite is actually true; speaking openly about suicide often prompts someone in crisis to think about and reconsider their choices. <ref>. Preventing Suicide: A Global Perspective, by World Health Organization (2014)</ref> | + | #Do not be afraid to talk about suicide. Some cultures or families treat suicide as a taboo and avoid talking about it.<ref name="rf12">Preventing Suicide: A Global Perspective, by World Health Organization (2014)</ref>. You may also be afraid that if you talk to someone about suicide, you will prompt them to act on their suicidal thoughts. These factors or others may lead you to hesitate to speak openly about suicide. However, you should fight this instinct because the opposite is actually true; speaking openly about suicide often prompts someone in crisis to think about and reconsider their choices. <ref name="rf13">. Preventing Suicide: A Global Perspective, by World Health Organization (2014)</ref> |
| − | #*For example, during an anti-suicide project on a Native American Indian reservation with a high suicide rate, several eighth-graders admitted to actively planning suicides until they participated in open discussions about suicide. These open discussions violated cultural taboos, but they resulted in each of the participants choosing life and signing a pledge to avoid suicide. <ref>https://www.afsp.org/advocacy-public-policy/federal-policy/other-legislative-priorities/american-indian-alaska-native-youth-suicide-prevention</ref> | + | #*For example, during an anti-suicide project on a Native American Indian reservation with a high suicide rate, several eighth-graders admitted to actively planning suicides until they participated in open discussions about suicide. These open discussions violated cultural taboos, but they resulted in each of the participants choosing life and signing a pledge to avoid suicide. <ref name="rf14">https://www.afsp.org/advocacy-public-policy/federal-policy/other-legislative-priorities/american-indian-alaska-native-youth-suicide-prevention</ref> |
#Prepare to talk to someone about suicide. After educating yourself about suicide and reemphasizing your relationship with the suicidal person, prepare to talk to them. Set up a comfortable environment in a non-threatening place to have a conversation about your concerns. | #Prepare to talk to someone about suicide. After educating yourself about suicide and reemphasizing your relationship with the suicidal person, prepare to talk to them. Set up a comfortable environment in a non-threatening place to have a conversation about your concerns. | ||
#*Minimize possible distractions by turning off electronics, silencing phones, and arranging for roommates, children, or other people to be occupied safely somewhere else. | #*Minimize possible distractions by turning off electronics, silencing phones, and arranging for roommates, children, or other people to be occupied safely somewhere else. | ||
#Be open. Offer non-judgmental, non-accusatory support and listen with an open mind that invites closeness. You do not want your conversation to build a barrier between you; avoid this by showing that you are open and you care. | #Be open. Offer non-judgmental, non-accusatory support and listen with an open mind that invites closeness. You do not want your conversation to build a barrier between you; avoid this by showing that you are open and you care. | ||
| − | #*It is easy to become frustrated when speaking to someone in crisis who isn’t thinking clearly, so remind yourself to remain calm and supportive.<ref>http://www.suicidepreventionlifeline.org/</ref> | + | #*It is easy to become frustrated when speaking to someone in crisis who isn’t thinking clearly, so remind yourself to remain calm and supportive.<ref name="rf15">http://www.suicidepreventionlifeline.org/</ref> |
#*The best way to be open is to not have any prepared responses for your loved one. Ask a few open questions like "how are you feeling?" or "what is upsetting you" and let them speak. Do not try to argue with them or convince them that things aren't really that bad. | #*The best way to be open is to not have any prepared responses for your loved one. Ask a few open questions like "how are you feeling?" or "what is upsetting you" and let them speak. Do not try to argue with them or convince them that things aren't really that bad. | ||
#Speak clearly and directly. There is no point in sugar-coating or tiptoeing around the subject of suicide. Be open and clear about what is on your mind. Consider using a 3-prong conversation starter, which reinforces the relationship, explains what you have noticed, and shares that you care. Then ask about whether they have been having suicidal thoughts. | #Speak clearly and directly. There is no point in sugar-coating or tiptoeing around the subject of suicide. Be open and clear about what is on your mind. Consider using a 3-prong conversation starter, which reinforces the relationship, explains what you have noticed, and shares that you care. Then ask about whether they have been having suicidal thoughts. | ||
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#*For example, “You’ve always been such a great role model. But you recently made a comment about hurting yourself. You are very special to me. If you are suicidal, please talk to me about it.” | #*For example, “You’ve always been such a great role model. But you recently made a comment about hurting yourself. You are very special to me. If you are suicidal, please talk to me about it.” | ||
#Allow for silence. After you have started the conversation, the person may respond with they had done something that would make you think that they were suicidal. They may want some time to gather their thoughts before they are ready to respond to you. | #Allow for silence. After you have started the conversation, the person may respond with they had done something that would make you think that they were suicidal. They may want some time to gather their thoughts before they are ready to respond to you. | ||
| − | #Be persistent. If the person brushes off your concern with “no, I’m fine” or doesn’t respond to you, share your concerns again. Provide them with another opportunity for response. Remain calm and do not badger them, but be firm in your conviction that you want them to talk to you about what is bothering them. <ref | + | #Be persistent. If the person brushes off your concern with “no, I’m fine” or doesn’t respond to you, share your concerns again. Provide them with another opportunity for response. Remain calm and do not badger them, but be firm in your conviction that you want them to talk to you about what is bothering them. <ref name="rf1" /> |
| − | #Let the person talk. Listen to what them say, and accept the feelings that they are expressing, <ref | + | #Let the person talk. Listen to what them say, and accept the feelings that they are expressing, <ref name="rf1" /> even if they are painful for you to hear. Don’t try to argue with them or lecture them about what they should do. Offer options to get through the crisis and hope if possible. |
| − | #Validate the person’s feelings. When talking to someone about their feelings, it is important that you validate the feelings rather than try to “talk sense into them” or convince them that their feelings are irrational. <ref | + | #Validate the person’s feelings. When talking to someone about their feelings, it is important that you validate the feelings rather than try to “talk sense into them” or convince them that their feelings are irrational. <ref name="rf1" /> |
#*For example, if someone tells you that they are contemplating suicide because his beloved pet just died, it is not helpful to tell him that he are overreacting. If she says that she has just lost her one true love, don’t tell her she’s too young to understand love or that there are other fish in the sea. | #*For example, if someone tells you that they are contemplating suicide because his beloved pet just died, it is not helpful to tell him that he are overreacting. If she says that she has just lost her one true love, don’t tell her she’s too young to understand love or that there are other fish in the sea. | ||
| − | #Do not try to “call the person’s bluff.” This may seem obvious, but you should not dare or encourage a person to commit suicide. <ref | + | #Do not try to “call the person’s bluff.” This may seem obvious, but you should not dare or encourage a person to commit suicide. <ref name="rf1" /> You may see it as an approach that will enable the person to see that they are being silly, or even give them the opportunity to realize that they really want to live. However, your “push” could actually push them into acting, and you would likely feel responsible for their death. |
#Thank the person for being open with you. If the person admits that they have had thoughts of suicide, express your thanks for being entrusted with the information. You may want to also ask if they have shared their thoughts with anyone else, and if anyone else had offered them any help for coping with their feelings. | #Thank the person for being open with you. If the person admits that they have had thoughts of suicide, express your thanks for being entrusted with the information. You may want to also ask if they have shared their thoughts with anyone else, and if anyone else had offered them any help for coping with their feelings. | ||
| − | #Suggest asking for outside help. Encourage the person to call the National Suicide Prevention Lifeline at 1-800-273-TALK (8255) to talk to a trained professional. The professional on the hotline can provide tips for developing coping skills to get through a suicidal crisis.<ref | + | #Suggest asking for outside help. Encourage the person to call the National Suicide Prevention Lifeline at 1-800-273-TALK (8255) to talk to a trained professional. The professional on the hotline can provide tips for developing coping skills to get through a suicidal crisis.<ref name="rf1" /> |
#*Don’t be surprised if they reject the idea of calling the lifeline, but write the number down for them or program it into their phone so that they can call it if they have a change of heart. | #*Don’t be surprised if they reject the idea of calling the lifeline, but write the number down for them or program it into their phone so that they can call it if they have a change of heart. | ||
| − | #Ask if there is a suicide plan. You should encourage your friend or loved one to share the details of their suicidal thoughts with you. This will likely be the most difficult part of the conversation for you, as it will make the threat of suicide seem more real. However, knowing the specific plan may enable you to minimize the risk of the suicide’s success. <ref | + | #Ask if there is a suicide plan. You should encourage your friend or loved one to share the details of their suicidal thoughts with you. This will likely be the most difficult part of the conversation for you, as it will make the threat of suicide seem more real. However, knowing the specific plan may enable you to minimize the risk of the suicide’s success. <ref name="rf7" /> |
#*If the person has gone far enough in their suicidal thoughts to make a plan, it is very important that you get them help. | #*If the person has gone far enough in their suicidal thoughts to make a plan, it is very important that you get them help. | ||
#Make a deal with the suicidal person. Before ending your conversation, exchange promises. You should promise that you are available to talk to them at any time, night or day. In exchange, ask them to promise that they will call you before taking any suicidal action. | #Make a deal with the suicidal person. Before ending your conversation, exchange promises. You should promise that you are available to talk to them at any time, night or day. In exchange, ask them to promise that they will call you before taking any suicidal action. | ||
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===Taking Action against Suicide=== | ===Taking Action against Suicide=== | ||
#Minimize opportunities for self-harm in an emergent crisis. Do not leave the person alone if you believe they are in crisis. Seek immediate help by calling 9-1-1, a crisis intervention specialist, or a trusted friend. | #Minimize opportunities for self-harm in an emergent crisis. Do not leave the person alone if you believe they are in crisis. Seek immediate help by calling 9-1-1, a crisis intervention specialist, or a trusted friend. | ||
| − | #Remove any means of committing self-harm. If someone is in a suicidal crisis, practice means restriction, which involves reducing their ability to harm themselves.<ref | + | #Remove any means of committing self-harm. If someone is in a suicidal crisis, practice means restriction, which involves reducing their ability to harm themselves.<ref name="rf7" /> It is particularly important to remove any items that were specifically part of a visualized suicide plan. |
| − | #*Most men who commit suicide choose guns to harm themselves, while women are more likely to poison themselves with drugs or toxic chemicals.<ref> Suicide Facts At A Glance, by National Center for Injury Prevention and Control, Division of Violence Prevention. (CDC, 2012)</ref> | + | #*Most men who commit suicide choose guns to harm themselves, while women are more likely to poison themselves with drugs or toxic chemicals.<ref name="rf16"> Suicide Facts At A Glance, by National Center for Injury Prevention and Control, Division of Violence Prevention. (CDC, 2012)</ref> |
| − | #*Remove the person’s access to firearms, medications, toxic chemicals, belts, ropes, very sharp knives or scissors, cutting tools like saws, and/or any other items that may facilitate a suicide. <ref | + | #*Remove the person’s access to firearms, medications, toxic chemicals, belts, ropes, very sharp knives or scissors, cutting tools like saws, and/or any other items that may facilitate a suicide. <ref name="rf7" /> |
#*Your goal in removing the means of suicide is to slow down the suicide process so that the person has time to calm themselves down and choose to live. | #*Your goal in removing the means of suicide is to slow down the suicide process so that the person has time to calm themselves down and choose to live. | ||
| − | #Call for help. The person in crisis will likely ask you to keep their feelings of suicide a secret. <ref> http://www.suicidepreventionlifeline.org </ref> However, you should not feel obligated to keep this request; this is a life-threatening event, so calling a crisis management specialist to help is not a violation of the person’s trust. You may want to call on one or more of the following resources for help: | + | #Call for help. The person in crisis will likely ask you to keep their feelings of suicide a secret. <ref name="rf17"> http://www.suicidepreventionlifeline.org </ref> However, you should not feel obligated to keep this request; this is a life-threatening event, so calling a crisis management specialist to help is not a violation of the person’s trust. You may want to call on one or more of the following resources for help: |
#* the National Suicide Prevention Lifeline at 1-800-273-TALK (8255). | #* the National Suicide Prevention Lifeline at 1-800-273-TALK (8255). | ||
#*a school counselor or spiritual leader such as a priest, pastor, or rabbi | #*a school counselor or spiritual leader such as a priest, pastor, or rabbi | ||
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#*9-1-1 (if you feel the person is in immediate danger) | #*9-1-1 (if you feel the person is in immediate danger) | ||
===Understanding Suicide Trends=== | ===Understanding Suicide Trends=== | ||
| − | #Understand the severity of suicide. Suicide is the culminating act in the process of overcoming the human instinct towards self-preservation.<ref | + | #Understand the severity of suicide. Suicide is the culminating act in the process of overcoming the human instinct towards self-preservation.<ref name="rf9" /> |
| − | #*Suicide is a worldwide problem;<ref | + | #*Suicide is a worldwide problem;<ref name="rf7" /> in the year 2012 alone, around 804,000 people ended their own lives.<ref name="rf7" /> |
| − | #*In the US, suicide is a leading cause of death,<ref | + | #*In the US, suicide is a leading cause of death,<ref name="rf16" /> with a suicide occurring around every 5 minutes. In the year 2012, there were over 43,300 suicide deaths in the US.<ref name="rf7" /> |
| − | #Recognize the progression of suicide. Though the trigger for the suicidal act may be sudden and the act impulsive,<ref | + | #Recognize the progression of suicide. Though the trigger for the suicidal act may be sudden and the act impulsive,<ref name="rf7" /> suicide happens in progressive stages<ref name="rf9" /> that are often recognized by others in hindsight.<ref name="rf7" /> The stages of suicide include: <ref name="rf18">http://www.alacoghq.org/PDF/Evangelism/acc_Suicide-Is-Not-Painless.pdf</ref> |
#*Stressful events which trigger sadness or depression | #*Stressful events which trigger sadness or depression | ||
#*Suicidal thoughts in which the individual questions whether to continue living | #*Suicidal thoughts in which the individual questions whether to continue living | ||
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#*Suicidal preparation, which can include gathering the means to commit suicide and giving away possessions to loved ones | #*Suicidal preparation, which can include gathering the means to commit suicide and giving away possessions to loved ones | ||
#*Suicide attempt in which an individual tries to end her own life | #*Suicide attempt in which an individual tries to end her own life | ||
| − | #Watch for depression and anxiety around major life changes. People of all age experience life changes that can bring out feelings of anxiety and depression. Most people are able to recognize that it is normal to have problems and that situations are temporary.<ref | + | #Watch for depression and anxiety around major life changes. People of all age experience life changes that can bring out feelings of anxiety and depression. Most people are able to recognize that it is normal to have problems and that situations are temporary.<ref name="rf1" /> However, some people become so mired in their depression and anxiety that they cannot see beyond the immediate moment. They have no hope and see no options to escape the pain that they are feeling. |
#*People having suicidal thoughts seek to end the pain of a (temporary) situation with a (permanent, irreversible) solution. | #*People having suicidal thoughts seek to end the pain of a (temporary) situation with a (permanent, irreversible) solution. | ||
#*Some people even believe the fact that they feel suicidal means that they are crazy, and if they’re crazy, they might as well commit suicide. This is untrue on two levels. First, people without mental illness can contemplate suicide. Second, those who do suffer from mental illness are still worthwhile individuals with a lot to offer. | #*Some people even believe the fact that they feel suicidal means that they are crazy, and if they’re crazy, they might as well commit suicide. This is untrue on two levels. First, people without mental illness can contemplate suicide. Second, those who do suffer from mental illness are still worthwhile individuals with a lot to offer. | ||
| − | #Take any suicide threat seriously. You may have heard that people who are serious about committing suicide don’t talk about it.<ref | + | #Take any suicide threat seriously. You may have heard that people who are serious about committing suicide don’t talk about it.<ref name="rf7" /> This is untrue! Someone speaking about suicide openly may be asking for help the only way she knows how, and if no one offers help, she may give in to the darkness that is overwhelming her.<ref name="rf7" /> |
| − | #*In a recent study, 8.3 million American adults admitted contemplating suicide the previous year. 2.2 million made plans for a suicide attempt, and 1 million unsuccessfully tried to commit suicide.<ref | + | #*In a recent study, 8.3 million American adults admitted contemplating suicide the previous year. 2.2 million made plans for a suicide attempt, and 1 million unsuccessfully tried to commit suicide.<ref name="rf16" /> |
| − | #*It is believed that for every successful adult suicide, there are 20 to 25 unsuccessful attempts.<ref | + | #*It is believed that for every successful adult suicide, there are 20 to 25 unsuccessful attempts.<ref name="rf16" /> In the 15-24 year-old age group, there are as many as 200 unsuccessful attempts for each successful suicide. |
| − | #*More than 15% of American high school students surveyed admitted to contemplating suicide. 12% of those made a specific plan, and 8% attempted suicide.<ref | + | #*More than 15% of American high school students surveyed admitted to contemplating suicide. 12% of those made a specific plan, and 8% attempted suicide.<ref name="rf16" /> |
#*These statistics suggest that if you suspect that someone is considering suicide, you’re likely to be correct; it’s best to assume you’re right and ask for help. | #*These statistics suggest that if you suspect that someone is considering suicide, you’re likely to be correct; it’s best to assume you’re right and ask for help. | ||
| − | #Don’t assume your friend is not the “kind of person” who would commit suicide. It might be easier to prevent suicide if there were a specific profile for the kind of person who commits suicide, but there is not. Suicide can affect people from every country, ethnicity, gender, age, religion, and economic level. <ref | + | #Don’t assume your friend is not the “kind of person” who would commit suicide. It might be easier to prevent suicide if there were a specific profile for the kind of person who commits suicide, but there is not. Suicide can affect people from every country, ethnicity, gender, age, religion, and economic level. <ref name="rf7" /> |
| − | #*Some people are surprised to find that even children as young as 6<ref> Youngest Suicide Victim in Oregon State History, by Caleb Hannan (Apr 5 2010), found at http://www.seattleweekly.com/home/928466-129/healthandwelfare </ref> and elderly people who feel that they have become a burden to their families<ref | + | #*Some people are surprised to find that even children as young as 6<ref name="rf19"> Youngest Suicide Victim in Oregon State History, by Caleb Hannan (Apr 5 2010), found at http://www.seattleweekly.com/home/928466-129/healthandwelfare </ref> and elderly people who feel that they have become a burden to their families<ref name="rf9" /> sometimes take their own lives. |
| − | #*Do not assume that only people who are mentally ill attempt suicide. The suicide rate is higher in those with mental illness, <ref | + | #*Do not assume that only people who are mentally ill attempt suicide. The suicide rate is higher in those with mental illness, <ref name="rf3" /> but people without mental illness also commit suicide. Additionally, people who do have a diagnosed mental illness may not share that information openly, so you may be unaware of someone’s mental illness. |
| − | #Be aware of trends in suicide statistics. Though suicidal thoughts can happen to anyone, there are certain patterns that can identify groups that are higher risk. Men are 4 times more likely to commit suicide,<ref | + | #Be aware of trends in suicide statistics. Though suicidal thoughts can happen to anyone, there are certain patterns that can identify groups that are higher risk. Men are 4 times more likely to commit suicide,<ref name="rf16" /> but women are more likely to have suicidal thoughts, voice those suicidal thoughts to others, and have unsuccessful suicide attempts.<ref name="rf8" /> |
| − | #*Native Americans have higher suicide rates than other ethnic groups.<ref | + | #*Native Americans have higher suicide rates than other ethnic groups.<ref name="rf8" /> |
| − | #*Adults under 30 tend to think about a plan for suicide more that adults over 30.<ref | + | #*Adults under 30 tend to think about a plan for suicide more that adults over 30.<ref name="rf8" /> |
| − | #*Among teenage girls, Hispanic girls have the highest rate of suicide attempts.<ref | + | #*Among teenage girls, Hispanic girls have the highest rate of suicide attempts.<ref name="rf16" /> |
| − | #Recognize risk factors for suicide. It is important to remember, as specified above, that suicidal individuals are unique and don’t fit into a specific mold. However, knowing the following risk factors may help you determine whether your friend is at risk. Individuals are at higher risk for suicide if they:<ref | + | #Recognize risk factors for suicide. It is important to remember, as specified above, that suicidal individuals are unique and don’t fit into a specific mold. However, knowing the following risk factors may help you determine whether your friend is at risk. Individuals are at higher risk for suicide if they:<ref name="rf7" /><ref name="rf8" /> |
#*have a history of suicide attempt(s) | #*have a history of suicide attempt(s) | ||
#*suffer from mental illness, often depression | #*suffer from mental illness, often depression | ||
| − | #*abuse alcohol or drugs, including prescription painkillers<ref | + | #*abuse alcohol or drugs, including prescription painkillers<ref name="rf16" /> |
#*have heath problems or chronic pain | #*have heath problems or chronic pain | ||
#*have employment or financial problems | #*have employment or financial problems | ||
| Line 85: | Line 85: | ||
#*are victims of discrimination, violence, or abuse | #*are victims of discrimination, violence, or abuse | ||
#*experience feelings of hopelessness | #*experience feelings of hopelessness | ||
| − | #Watch for the three most serious risk factors. Dr. Thomas Joiner believes that three factors that best predict suicide are feeling isolated, feeling like a burden to others, and having learned to hurt oneself. He calls suicide attempts “rehearsals” for actual suicide rather than cries for help.<ref | + | #Watch for the three most serious risk factors. Dr. Thomas Joiner believes that three factors that best predict suicide are feeling isolated, feeling like a burden to others, and having learned to hurt oneself. He calls suicide attempts “rehearsals” for actual suicide rather than cries for help.<ref name="rf9" /> He explains that those most likely to successfully commit suicide:<ref name="rf9" /> |
#*are desensitized to physical pain | #*are desensitized to physical pain | ||
#*do not fear death | #*do not fear death | ||
| − | #Recognize common warning signs of suicide. Warning signs differ from risk factors (see above) in that they indicate an imminent risk for a suicide attempt. Some people commit suicide with no warnings, but most people who attempt suicide say or do things that can serve as red flags to warn others that something is wrong.<ref | + | #Recognize common warning signs of suicide. Warning signs differ from risk factors (see above) in that they indicate an imminent risk for a suicide attempt. Some people commit suicide with no warnings, but most people who attempt suicide say or do things that can serve as red flags to warn others that something is wrong.<ref name="rf7" />If you see some or all of the following warning signs, intervene immediately to prevent a tragic death. Some warning signs include:<ref name="rf1" /><ref name="rf8" /> |
#*changes in sleeping or eating habits | #*changes in sleeping or eating habits | ||
#*increased alcohol, drug, or painkiller usage | #*increased alcohol, drug, or painkiller usage | ||
#*inability to work, think clearly, or make decisions | #*inability to work, think clearly, or make decisions | ||
| − | #*expression of feelings of extreme unhappiness<ref | + | #*expression of feelings of extreme unhappiness<ref name="rf7" /> or depression |
#*expression of feelings of isolation or the impression that no one notices or cares about them | #*expression of feelings of isolation or the impression that no one notices or cares about them | ||
#*sharing feelings of worthlessness, hopelessness, or lack of control | #*sharing feelings of worthlessness, hopelessness, or lack of control | ||
#*complaints of pain and an inability to visualize a pain-free future | #*complaints of pain and an inability to visualize a pain-free future | ||
#*threats of self-harm | #*threats of self-harm | ||
| − | #*giving away valuable or cherished possessions<ref> Depression and Suicide. John Hopkins Medical Library. (2015) Retrieved from http://www.hopkinsmedicine.org/healthlibrary/conditions/mental_health_disorders/depression_and_suicide_85,P00764/</ref> | + | #*giving away valuable or cherished possessions<ref name="rf20"> Depression and Suicide. John Hopkins Medical Library. (2015) Retrieved from http://www.hopkinsmedicine.org/healthlibrary/conditions/mental_health_disorders/depression_and_suicide_85,P00764/</ref> |
| − | #*a sudden period of happiness or surge of energy after a long stretch of depression<ref | + | #*a sudden period of happiness or surge of energy after a long stretch of depression<ref name="rf20" /> |
== Video == | == Video == | ||
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*If the person is not in immediate danger, talking is the best option to help for the time-being. | *If the person is not in immediate danger, talking is the best option to help for the time-being. | ||
*Especially if you are a teen worrying about a friend or family member who appears to be contemplating suicide, please tell a trusted adult or call the hotline to get help for both of you right away. Don’t keep it secret! This is a tremendous burden for you to carry alone, and it will only get worse if your friend ends up committing suicide despite any promises he or she might have made in response to your intervention. | *Especially if you are a teen worrying about a friend or family member who appears to be contemplating suicide, please tell a trusted adult or call the hotline to get help for both of you right away. Don’t keep it secret! This is a tremendous burden for you to carry alone, and it will only get worse if your friend ends up committing suicide despite any promises he or she might have made in response to your intervention. | ||
| − | *Life events that can precipitate suicidal thoughts include loss of a loved one, loss of a job/home/status/money/self-esteem, change in health, divorce or relationship loss, coming out or being outed as LGBTQ, other types of social stigma, surviving a natural disaster, etc.<ref>http://www.metanoia.org/suicide/whattodo.htm</ref> Again, if you are aware that the person in question has undergone these experiences, be very alert to the seriousness of the situation. | + | *Life events that can precipitate suicidal thoughts include loss of a loved one, loss of a job/home/status/money/self-esteem, change in health, divorce or relationship loss, coming out or being outed as LGBTQ, other types of social stigma, surviving a natural disaster, etc.<ref name="rf21">http://www.metanoia.org/suicide/whattodo.htm</ref> Again, if you are aware that the person in question has undergone these experiences, be very alert to the seriousness of the situation. |
* Just listen. Don't try to tell them how to feel better, or give advice. Just be quiet and really listen. | * Just listen. Don't try to tell them how to feel better, or give advice. Just be quiet and really listen. | ||
*Keep your friend talking. Cultivate an environment of understanding. Tell them how much you love them and that you would miss her if she were gone. | *Keep your friend talking. Cultivate an environment of understanding. Tell them how much you love them and that you would miss her if she were gone. | ||
| − | *Illnesses that can precipitate suicidal thoughts include depression, post-traumatic stress disorder, body dysmorphic disorder, psychosis, alcohol or drug abuse, etc. If you know the person suffers from one of these illnesses and he or she mentions suicide, get them help immediately.<ref>Dr Pamela Stephenson Connolly, ''Head Case: Treat Yourself to Better Mental Health'', at various pages, (2007), ISBN 978-0-7553-1721-9</ref> | + | *Illnesses that can precipitate suicidal thoughts include depression, post-traumatic stress disorder, body dysmorphic disorder, psychosis, alcohol or drug abuse, etc. If you know the person suffers from one of these illnesses and he or she mentions suicide, get them help immediately.<ref name="rf22">Dr Pamela Stephenson Connolly, ''Head Case: Treat Yourself to Better Mental Health'', at various pages, (2007), ISBN 978-0-7553-1721-9</ref> |
== Warnings == | == Warnings == | ||
