Difference between revisions of "Do CPR on a Child"
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#Check the scene for danger. If you come across someone who is unconscious, you need to quickly make sure there are no dangers to yourself if you choose to help them. Is there a car exhaust running? A gas stove? Is there a fire? Are electrical lines down? If there is anything that could endanger you or the victim, see if there is something you can do to counteract it. Open a [[Clean Windows|window]], turn off the [[Clean a Stove|stove]], or put out the fire if possible. | #Check the scene for danger. If you come across someone who is unconscious, you need to quickly make sure there are no dangers to yourself if you choose to help them. Is there a car exhaust running? A gas stove? Is there a fire? Are electrical lines down? If there is anything that could endanger you or the victim, see if there is something you can do to counteract it. Open a [[Clean Windows|window]], turn off the [[Clean a Stove|stove]], or put out the fire if possible. | ||
#*However, if there is nothing you can do to counteract the danger, move the victim. The best way to move the victim is by placing a blanket or a coat underneath her back and pulling on the coat or blanket. | #*However, if there is nothing you can do to counteract the danger, move the victim. The best way to move the victim is by placing a blanket or a coat underneath her back and pulling on the coat or blanket. | ||
| − | #*If there is a chance the person has suffered a spinal injury two people should move her to prevent any twisting of the head and neck.<ref>http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/000013.htm</ref> | + | #*If there is a chance the person has suffered a spinal injury two people should move her to prevent any twisting of the head and neck.<ref name="rf1">http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/000013.htm</ref> |
#Check the victim for consciousness. Shake or tap his shoulder and saying in a loud, clear voice, "Are you okay? Are you okay?" If he responds, he is conscious. He may have just been sleeping, or he could have been unconscious. If it still appears to be an emergency situation — for example, he is having trouble breathing or he appears to be fading in between consciousness and unconsciousness — [[Call Emergency Services|call for help]] and begin [[Do Basic First Aid|basic first aid]] and [[Treat Shock|take measures to prevent or treat shock]]. | #Check the victim for consciousness. Shake or tap his shoulder and saying in a loud, clear voice, "Are you okay? Are you okay?" If he responds, he is conscious. He may have just been sleeping, or he could have been unconscious. If it still appears to be an emergency situation — for example, he is having trouble breathing or he appears to be fading in between consciousness and unconsciousness — [[Call Emergency Services|call for help]] and begin [[Do Basic First Aid|basic first aid]] and [[Treat Shock|take measures to prevent or treat shock]]. | ||
| − | #Check the victim’s pulse. If the child is unresponsive, the first thing to do is check her pulse.<ref>http://www.firstaidweb.com/child.php</ref> If the child does not respond, you need to begin CPR immediately. Do not check the pulse for more than 10 seconds. If the victim does not have a pulse, her heart is not beating and you will be required to perform chest compressions.<ref>http://www.firstaidweb.com/child1.php</ref> | + | #Check the victim’s pulse. If the child is unresponsive, the first thing to do is check her pulse.<ref name="rf2">http://www.firstaidweb.com/child.php</ref> If the child does not respond, you need to begin CPR immediately. Do not check the pulse for more than 10 seconds. If the victim does not have a pulse, her heart is not beating and you will be required to perform chest compressions.<ref name="rf3">http://www.firstaidweb.com/child1.php</ref> |
#*To check the neck (carotid) pulse, feel for a pulse on the side of the victim's neck closest to you by placing the tips of your first two fingers beside the Adam's apple. (Be aware that the Adam's apple is usually not visible on a female, and may not even be very visible on a boy who has not yet gone through puberty.) | #*To check the neck (carotid) pulse, feel for a pulse on the side of the victim's neck closest to you by placing the tips of your first two fingers beside the Adam's apple. (Be aware that the Adam's apple is usually not visible on a female, and may not even be very visible on a boy who has not yet gone through puberty.) | ||
#*To check the wrist (radial) pulse, place your first two fingers on the thumb side of the victim's wrist. | #*To check the wrist (radial) pulse, place your first two fingers on the thumb side of the victim's wrist. | ||
#*Other pulse locations are the groin and ankle. To check the groin (femoral) pulse, press the tips of two fingers into the middle of the groin. To check the ankle (posterior tibial) pulse, place your first two fingers on the inside of the ankle. | #*Other pulse locations are the groin and ankle. To check the groin (femoral) pulse, press the tips of two fingers into the middle of the groin. To check the ankle (posterior tibial) pulse, place your first two fingers on the inside of the ankle. | ||
| − | #Understand the importance of reacting quickly. If you see someone whose heart has stopped beating or has stopped breathing, reacting quickly and performing rescue breathing and CPR could save his life. When someone starts CPR before an ambulance arrives, the patient has a considerably better chance of surviving.<ref | + | #Understand the importance of reacting quickly. If you see someone whose heart has stopped beating or has stopped breathing, reacting quickly and performing rescue breathing and CPR could save his life. When someone starts CPR before an ambulance arrives, the patient has a considerably better chance of surviving.<ref name="rf1" /> Being able to respond quickly by performing CPR, which can help get oxygenated blood back flowing to the brain, is essential. |
#*If the person has a pulse but is not breathing, only perform rescue breathing, not chest compressions. | #*If the person has a pulse but is not breathing, only perform rescue breathing, not chest compressions. | ||
#*A human brain can typically go for around four minutes without oxygen before suffering permanent brain damage. | #*A human brain can typically go for around four minutes without oxygen before suffering permanent brain damage. | ||
#*If the brain goes without oxygen for between four and six minutes the chances of brain damage rise. | #*If the brain goes without oxygen for between four and six minutes the chances of brain damage rise. | ||
#*If the brain lacks oxygen for six to eight minutes brain damage is probable. | #*If the brain lacks oxygen for six to eight minutes brain damage is probable. | ||
| − | #*If the brain is without oxygen for over ten minutes, brain death is probable.<ref>http://www.firstaidweb.com/cpr.php</ref> | + | #*If the brain is without oxygen for over ten minutes, brain death is probable.<ref name="rf4">http://www.firstaidweb.com/cpr.php</ref> |
===Performing CPR=== | ===Performing CPR=== | ||
| − | #Perform CPR for two minutes. Once you have quickly assessed the situation and checked the consciousness and circulation of the victim you need to act very quickly. If there is no pulse you must begin CPR immediately, and continue it for two minutes (which is about five cycles of CPR) and then call for Emergency Medical Services.<ref | + | #Perform CPR for two minutes. Once you have quickly assessed the situation and checked the consciousness and circulation of the victim you need to act very quickly. If there is no pulse you must begin CPR immediately, and continue it for two minutes (which is about five cycles of CPR) and then call for Emergency Medical Services.<ref name="rf2" /> If you are alone it is important to start CPR before calling for help. |
| − | #*If someone else is there [[Call Emergency Services|send them for help]]. If you are alone, do not call until you have completed two minutes of CPR.<ref | + | #*If someone else is there [[Call Emergency Services|send them for help]]. If you are alone, do not call until you have completed two minutes of CPR.<ref name="rf1" /> |
#*[[Call Emergency Services|Dial your local emergency number]]. Call '''911''' in North America, '''000''' in Australia, '''111''' in New Zealand, '''112''' by cell phone in the EU (including the UK) and '''999''' in the UK. | #*[[Call Emergency Services|Dial your local emergency number]]. Call '''911''' in North America, '''000''' in Australia, '''111''' in New Zealand, '''112''' by cell phone in the EU (including the UK) and '''999''' in the UK. | ||
#*If possible, send someone else to get an [[Use an AED and Do CPR|AED]] (Automatic External Defibrillator) if there is one in the building or nearby. | #*If possible, send someone else to get an [[Use an AED and Do CPR|AED]] (Automatic External Defibrillator) if there is one in the building or nearby. | ||
| − | #Remember CAB. CAB is the basic process of CPR. It stands for Chest Compressions, Airway, Breathing. In 2010, the recommended sequence changed with chest compressions placed before airway opening and rescue breathing. Chest compressions are more critical for correcting abnormal heart rhythms (ventricular fibrillation or pulseless ventricular tachycardia), and because one cycle of 30 chest compressions only requires 18 seconds, airway opening and rescue breathing are not significantly delayed.<ref>http://guidelines.ecc.org/pdf/90-1043_ECC_2010_Guidelines_Highlights_noRecycle.pdf</ref> | + | #Remember CAB. CAB is the basic process of CPR. It stands for Chest Compressions, Airway, Breathing. In 2010, the recommended sequence changed with chest compressions placed before airway opening and rescue breathing. Chest compressions are more critical for correcting abnormal heart rhythms (ventricular fibrillation or pulseless ventricular tachycardia), and because one cycle of 30 chest compressions only requires 18 seconds, airway opening and rescue breathing are not significantly delayed.<ref name="rf5">http://guidelines.ecc.org/pdf/90-1043_ECC_2010_Guidelines_Highlights_noRecycle.pdf</ref> |
| − | #*Chest compressions, or hands-only CPR is recommended if you have not been properly trained or are worried about performing mouth-to-mouth resuscitation on a stranger.<ref>http://www.nhs.uk/Conditions/Accidents-and-first-aid/Pages/CPR.aspx</ref> | + | #*Chest compressions, or hands-only CPR is recommended if you have not been properly trained or are worried about performing mouth-to-mouth resuscitation on a stranger.<ref name="rf6">http://www.nhs.uk/Conditions/Accidents-and-first-aid/Pages/CPR.aspx</ref> |
| − | #Position your hands for the compressions. When performing CPR on a child the positioning of your hands is especially important, given that a child will be more fragile than an adult. Locate the child's sternum by moving two fingers to the bottom of the rib cage. Identify where the lower the ribs meet in the middle and then place the heel of your other hand on top of your fingers. Just use the heel of this hand to do the compressions.<ref>http://www.firstaidweb.com/child2.php</ref> | + | #Position your hands for the compressions. When performing CPR on a child the positioning of your hands is especially important, given that a child will be more fragile than an adult. Locate the child's sternum by moving two fingers to the bottom of the rib cage. Identify where the lower the ribs meet in the middle and then place the heel of your other hand on top of your fingers. Just use the heel of this hand to do the compressions.<ref name="rf7">http://www.firstaidweb.com/child2.php</ref> |
| − | #Perform 30 compressions. Compress the chest, with elbows locked, by pushing straight down about {{convert|2|in|cm|1}} deep. The smaller body of a child needs less pressure than an adult would. If you begin to hear or feel a cracking sound, that may indicate that you are pushing too hard. Continue, but apply less pressure with the compressions.<ref | + | #Perform 30 compressions. Compress the chest, with elbows locked, by pushing straight down about {{convert|2|in|cm|1}} deep. The smaller body of a child needs less pressure than an adult would. If you begin to hear or feel a cracking sound, that may indicate that you are pushing too hard. Continue, but apply less pressure with the compressions.<ref name="rf7" /> Do 30 of these compressions, and do them at a rate of at least 100 compressions per minute if you are the only rescuer. |
| − | #*Allow complete chest recoil after each compression.<ref | + | #*Allow complete chest recoil after each compression.<ref name="rf1" /> |
#*Minimize pauses in chest compression that occur when changing providers or preparing for a shock. Attempt to limit interruptions to less than 10 seconds. | #*Minimize pauses in chest compression that occur when changing providers or preparing for a shock. Attempt to limit interruptions to less than 10 seconds. | ||
#*If there are two rescuers, each should complete a round of 15 compressions. | #*If there are two rescuers, each should complete a round of 15 compressions. | ||
| − | #Make sure the airway is open. Place your hand on the victim's forehead and two fingers on his chin. Lift the chin gently with the two fingers while carefully pushing down on the forehead with your other hand. If you suspect a neck injury, gently [[Treat a Spinal Injury Victim|pull the jaw upward rather than lifting the chin]].<ref>http://www.mayoclinic.org/first-aid/first-aid-spinal-injury/basics/art-20056677</ref> Once you have done this you should look, listen and feel for breathing. | + | #Make sure the airway is open. Place your hand on the victim's forehead and two fingers on his chin. Lift the chin gently with the two fingers while carefully pushing down on the forehead with your other hand. If you suspect a neck injury, gently [[Treat a Spinal Injury Victim|pull the jaw upward rather than lifting the chin]].<ref name="rf8">http://www.mayoclinic.org/first-aid/first-aid-spinal-injury/basics/art-20056677</ref> Once you have done this you should look, listen and feel for breathing. |
#*Put your ear close to the victim's mouth and nose and listen carefully for any signs of life. | #*Put your ear close to the victim's mouth and nose and listen carefully for any signs of life. | ||
| − | #*Watch for chest movement and feel for any breath on your cheek.<ref | + | #*Watch for chest movement and feel for any breath on your cheek.<ref name="rf1" /> |
#*If there are no signs of life, place a breathing barrier (if available) over the victim's mouth. | #*If there are no signs of life, place a breathing barrier (if available) over the victim's mouth. | ||
#Give two rescue breaths. Keeping the airway open, take the fingers that were on the forehead and pinch the victim's nose closed. Make a seal with your mouth over the victim's mouth and breathe out for about one second. Make sure you breathe slowly, as this will make sure the air goes in the lungs not the stomach. Make sure you keep your eye on the victim's chest. | #Give two rescue breaths. Keeping the airway open, take the fingers that were on the forehead and pinch the victim's nose closed. Make a seal with your mouth over the victim's mouth and breathe out for about one second. Make sure you breathe slowly, as this will make sure the air goes in the lungs not the stomach. Make sure you keep your eye on the victim's chest. | ||
| − | #*If the breath goes in, you should see the chest slightly rise and also feel it go in. If the breath goes in, give a second rescue breath.<ref | + | #*If the breath goes in, you should see the chest slightly rise and also feel it go in. If the breath goes in, give a second rescue breath.<ref name="rf1" /> |
| − | #*If the breath does not go in, reposition the head and try again.<ref>http://www.mayoclinic.org/first-aid/first-aid-cpr/basics/art-20056600</ref> If it does not go in again, the victim may be choking. You'll need to do more chest compressions in this case. Keep in mind [[Help a Choking Victim|abdominal thrusts (the Heimlich manuever)]] should only be performed on someone who is conscious. | + | #*If the breath does not go in, reposition the head and try again.<ref name="rf9">http://www.mayoclinic.org/first-aid/first-aid-cpr/basics/art-20056600</ref> If it does not go in again, the victim may be choking. You'll need to do more chest compressions in this case. Keep in mind [[Help a Choking Victim|abdominal thrusts (the Heimlich manuever)]] should only be performed on someone who is conscious. |
| − | #Repeat the cycle of 30 chest compressions and two breaths. You should do CPR for two minutes (five cycles of compressions to breaths) before checking for signs of life, a pulse or breathing. Continue CPR until someone takes over for you; emergency personnel arrive; you are too exhausted to continue; an AED is attached, charged, and the person running it asks you to clear the body; or pulse and breathing return.<ref | + | #Repeat the cycle of 30 chest compressions and two breaths. You should do CPR for two minutes (five cycles of compressions to breaths) before checking for signs of life, a pulse or breathing. Continue CPR until someone takes over for you; emergency personnel arrive; you are too exhausted to continue; an AED is attached, charged, and the person running it asks you to clear the body; or pulse and breathing return.<ref name="rf1" /> |
#*Don't forget to call the emergency services after the first two minutes of CPR. | #*Don't forget to call the emergency services after the first two minutes of CPR. | ||
#*After you call them, continue to administer CPR until they arrive. | #*After you call them, continue to administer CPR until they arrive. | ||
| − | #Use an AED. If an AED becomes available, turn on the AED, place the pads as instructed (one over the right chest and another over the left side). Allow the AED to analyse the rhythm, and give one shock if indicated, after clearing everyone from the patient (yell "CLEAR!" first). Resume chest compressions immediately after each shock for another 5 cycles before reassessing.<ref | + | #Use an AED. If an AED becomes available, turn on the AED, place the pads as instructed (one over the right chest and another over the left side). Allow the AED to analyse the rhythm, and give one shock if indicated, after clearing everyone from the patient (yell "CLEAR!" first). Resume chest compressions immediately after each shock for another 5 cycles before reassessing.<ref name="rf1" /> |
#*If the victim begins breathing, gently manoeuvre them into the [[Put Someone in the Recovery Position|recovery position]]. | #*If the victim begins breathing, gently manoeuvre them into the [[Put Someone in the Recovery Position|recovery position]]. | ||
